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Global Environmental Issues
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Environmental issue - one of the global problems of our time.
It is closely related to the issues of ecological safety and environmental crisis. One of the ways to solve environmental problems is a way of " sustainable development", proposed as the main alternative to the development of human civilization:
- Changing the Earth's climate;
- Air pollution;
- The destruction of the ozone layer;
- Depletion of fresh water and water pollution of the World ocean;
- Pollution of land, the destruction of soil cover;
- Impoverishment of biological diversity and others.
Environmental changes in the 1970-90-ies. and the forecast for 2030 are shown in Table. 1. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan at a meeting of Heads of State and Government of the countries - members of the United Nations (September 2000) presented a report entitled " We the peoples: the role of the United Nations in the XXI century." The report examines the strategic priority areas that confront humanity in the new millennium, and stressed that " the task to provide for future generations an environmentally sustainable future will be one of the most difficult."
Table 1. Changes in the environment and the expected
trends up to 2030
| Feature | Trend 1970-1990 y. | Scenario 2030 |
| Reducing the area of natural ecosystems | Cut at a speed of 0.5 to 1.0% per year on land; the beginning of the 1990s. they remained about 40% | Saving trends, the approach to the almost complete elimination of land-based |
| Consumption of primary production | Increased consumption of 40% on land, 25% - Global (estimated 1985) | Increased consumption: 80- 85% on land, 50-60% - global |
| Changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere | Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases by tenths of a percent to a few percent per year | The growth of concentration, the acceleration of the growth of the concentration of CO and CH4 by accelerating the destruction of biota |
| Depletion of the ozone layer, the growth of the ozone hole over Antarctica | Depletion of 1-2% per year of the ozone layer, the growth area of the ozone hole Reducing speeds from 117 (1980 YG) to 180 ± 20 thousand. Km2 (1989) in a year; Reforestation refers to the deforestation of 1: 10 | Saving trends even with the termination of CFC (containing no chloro fluorocarbons) emissions by 2000 |
| Reducing forest areas, especially tropical | Expansion of deserts (60 thous. Km 2 per year), the growth of man-made desertification. toxic desert | Saving trends, decline in forest area in the tropics, 18 (1990) to 11.9 million km2, reducing the area of temperate forests |
| Desertification | Height erosion (24 billion tons per year), reduced fertility, accumulation of pollutants, acidification, salinization | Saving trends, the pace of growth is possible due to the decrease of the hydrologic cycle on land and accumulation of pollutants in soils |
| Land degradation | The rise in sea level by 1-2 mm per year | Saving trends, the growth of erosion and pollution reduction of agricultural land will scent the population |
| Increased ocean | The growing number of 5-7% growth damage of 5-10%, increase in the number of victims to 12, 6% per year | Saving trends may accelerate-level rise of up to 7 mm per year |
| Natural disasters, technological accidents | The rapid disappearance of species | Preservation and enhancement trends |
| The disappearance of species | The increase in sewage, point and area sources, the number of pollutants and their concentrations | The growing trend as the destruction of the biosphere |
| The qualitative depletion of surface waters | Height and weight of the complete lyutantov accumulated in the environment and organisms, the growth environment of radioactivity, " chemical bombs" | The preservation and growth of the trends |
| The accumulation of pollutants in the environment and organisms, migration into the food chain he deterioration of the quality of life, increase in diseases related to pollution (including genetic), the emergence of new diseases | The increase in poverty, food shortages, high infant mortality, high morbidity, insufficient clean drinking water in developing countries; the growth of genetic ill and second, the high accident rate, the growth of drug consumption, the increase of allergic diseases in developed countries; AIDS pandemic in the world, lowering of the immune statusHeight and weight of the complete lyutantov accumulated in the environment and organisms, the growth environment of radioactivity, " chemical bombs | Saving trends and their possible strengthening the rise of diseases related to environmental disorders (including genetic), the expansion of the territory of infectious diseases, emergence of new diseases |