Environmental policy at the regional level

Public life has always actively worked on the environment. The interactions of human society and the natural flow in the form of cyclic cycling of matter, energy, information. The expansion and deepening of these processes leads to disruption of the ecological balance, natural aggravation of social contradictions, the emergence of social - ecological problems.

The current environmental situation on the planet Earth and extremely aggravated in certain regions jeopardizes the continued existence of mankind. This is evidenced by the conclusion of the summit in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Johannesburg (South Africa), Kyoto (Japan); Reports of members of the Club of Rome, publications of scientists of many countries. It became obvious that without active EPO problems of preserving the comfortable environment of people's lives cannot be solved. Hence the importance of coordination of VC at all territorial levels: planetary, international, national, regional and local.

It should be noted that the social and ecological processes are not confined within the borders of a country or region, they flow into a single continental geographical space. At the same time objects of nature and pollution sources are localized in space, " attached" to the territory, which is not only natural, but also state and administrative boundaries. On the basis of these premises to conduct legitimate global, international, national, regional and municipal EP (Environmental Policy).

Among global environmental problems requiring joint (collective) decisions should include:

- Greenhouse effect - the warming of the atmosphere because of its saturation with carbon dioxide, water vapor and other substances;

- Reduction of forests, especially in the tropics;

- The ozone hole - ozone depletion, which is the natural protection of the Earth from ultraviolet radiation;

- The extinction of wild animals and plants, and others.

Streamline processes of nature should be carried out taking into account the entire complex of natural conditions and resources, preserve the integrity of the natural landscape and biogeocenosis. To this end, measures must be taken to reduce the resource intensity of enterprises, improvement of technological processes and the establishment of the energy-cycles (holdings, financial and industrial companies, etc.). Regional organization of nature-based design of the energy-cycles (combined with resource cycles) will balance not only the entire production flow from the extraction of raw materials and fuels to the final product, but also more complex to use all natural-resource potential, as well as to dispose of all waste and industrial waste. Space-time cycles will be a combination of the energy-material and structural basis of local and regional industrial complexes. International experience suggests that the comprehensive development of the regional economy brings not only economic but also environmental benefits.

The classification of socio-ecological taxa (territories) by the degree of worsening ecological situation can be used to develop and implement specific preventive measures to improve the natural environment of human life, improvement of natural landscapes, the prevention of accidents and environmental disasters. State environmental protection becomes a factor in the development and distribution of productive forces and the security of the population, development and implementation forecasts the effects of anthropogenic and techno genic impact on natural landscapes.

The effectiveness of the regional environmental policy could be improved by improving the socio-economic mechanism of nature and nature conservation, taking into account new regulations and limits in each region. Stricter ratios of maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in the environment must be accompanied by penalties for environmental violations. At the same time it should expand the range of incentives for environmental improvement areas for the implementation of enterprise resource-saving and low-waste technologies, the creation of eco-infrastructure and others. Among these measures prevailing subsidies, loans (soft, long-term), low-interest loans, tax cuts, etc.

Among the priorities of the regional EP released a set of measures for the formation of ecological and infrastructural arrangement territory. Particular attention should be paid not only to the creation of a system utilizing, treatment, trapping structures, but also the selection of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.). It is a balancing urban areas, maintaining and cleaning the environment from anthropogenic impacts, protecting and reproducing geobiotsenozy, flora and fauna. The structure of the infrastructure should be part of the system of educational institutions, providing a high level of environmental education of the population.

In areas of anthropogenic impact is necessary to provide a set of measures for environmental rehabilitation of health of the population. Xenobiotic contained in the emissions have a direct impact on the human body (especially children), causing cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, nervous system and sense organs, gastrointestinal disease and skin allergies. Therefore, in the structure of the regional EP is necessary to provide preventive and curative measures, rehabilitation at health resorts and other recreational groups.

Especially it is necessary to provide for a system of measures to ensure environmental safety. It includes technical, natural, social and environmental security. The regional environmental policy should be to diagnose the possibility of occurrence of extreme situations and to provide for a system of measures to reduce the environmental risks of human activity. This requires the organization of information support of the controls and the permanent environmental monitoring.

PRACTICAL EXERCISES № 14

Environmental legislation.ECONOMIC ASPECTS

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