Case Allocation of Ukrainian Preposition.

Even a passing look at the table proves the existence of a quantitative disproportionality concerning the allocation of Ukrainian prepositions among separate case forms. Thus, no derivative prepositions are used with the accusative, instrumental and locative case forms. Besides, the dative

case lacks derivative and composite prepositions, whereas the locative case has only some 5 simple prepositions to govern nominal parts of speech. The overwhelming number of prepositions, however, are used in Ukrainian with the genitive case. Their number more than two times exceeds the number of prepositions used with all other case forms.

One more is also an isomorphic feature pertained to the contrasted languages which finds its expression in the occasional use of some Ukrainian (like English) prepositions to perform a purely linking function. This happens in cases when prepositions are used to connect (not govern!) unchangeable foreign nouns. Cf. їхати в таксі, вийти з фойє, ходити без кольє, бути в кімоно/сарі, народитися в Туапсе, мешкати в Бордо/Ліворно. Despite this the syntactic functions of prepositional phrases are common in both languages. They may be in the sentence as subject (cf. For me to read it was easy), predicative (this is for me to decide), as an attribute (a book for you to read) or as an adverbial modifier. [I left something under your door for you to read it. (Carter)] In other words, prepositional phrases may be complements to verbs, adjectives (Cf. The need of doing something, sorry for something). They can perform the functions of attributive or adverbial adjuncts (books for reading, singing in the room), or serve as disjuncts (to my surprise, the student answered well), or conjuncts (on the other hand, she was free).

Typology of the Conjunctions

Conjunctions in the contrasted languages are functional words realising the connection of homogeneous parts in co-ordinate word-groups and sentences or linking subordinate clauses in composite sentences. As to their structure, conjunctions in English and Ukrainian are generally characterised by isomorphism. The various types are as follows: 1) Simple (and, but, or, if, that, till і /й, а, бо, ні, та/. 2) Derivative/compound: all + though --» although, un + less -» unless, be + cause —» because, un + till -» until, where + as -» whereas, a + бо -» або, за + те -» зате, про + те — проте, як + що -» якщо, як + би -» якби, etc. 3) Composite (складені): as if, as soon as, in order that; так що; через те, що; для того, щоб; з того час, як; відтоді, як, etc.

The use of conjunctions may be non-repeated (and, but, since a,

але, що) and repeated (in Ukrainian) or correlative (in English), eg: both... and, either..or, neither... nor, no sooner... than (i — i, ні — ні, то — то, чи — чи, не то — не то, не стільки — скільки).

As to their syntactic functions, conjunctions in the contrasted languages fall into two common-isomorphic groups: a) co-ordinating conjunctions and b) subordinating conjunctions. A graphic presentation of all classes of co-ordinating and subordinating conjunctions in English and Ukrainian is as follows:

Table 23

Adjoining

and, also, and still, та й, та ще й

Co-ordinating conjunctions