Exercises for Class and Homework

Exercise 1. Identify the nature of the head words and name the paradigmatic classes of the following English and Ukrainian word-groups:

Exercise II. State the ways of syntactic connection (synthetic, analytical and synthetic or analytical) in the underlined word-groups in the English and counteropposed Ukrainian sentences. Point out the qualitative correlation of the ways of syntactic connection and their dominant (or otherwise) role in each contrasted language. Model: your grandfather - a substantival word-group with the analytical (asyndetic) way of connection playing a dominant role in English: читала з захопленням -a verbal word-group with the analytical (preposition з) and synthetic (inflexion-ям) way of connection, dominant in Ukrainian.

3. The doctor looked at him attentively... Лікар уважно подивився на (Christie) нього.

4. Jemie lay back on the clean white sheet. Джемі знову приліг на чисте біле (Sheldon) простирадло.

Exercise III. Suggest a corresponding Ukrainian equivalent for each predicate in the English sentences below. Single out the isomorphic and allomorphic structural types of them in the two languages.

1. He began hurriedly dressing. 2. " I'll have you at the hospital in no time". 3. " Everything is going to be fine". 4. " I won't say anything to Alexandra". 5. " This will be just between the two of us". 6. She locked herself and her baby in the room all that day and all that night and refused to come out. (Sheldon) 7. " You've gone white". (Chase) 8. " I'll be all right tomorrow". 9. " Don't look so damned sorry for yourself". 10. " Pull yourself together and try to eat something". (Christie) 11. " All I want is for competent medical experts to give the outfit a thorough trial". (Carter) 12. " Let this prescription made at the chemist's". (Cusack) 13. All furniture was cracked, warped or broken. (Bennett) 14. Clyde began to feel and look crushed at once. (Dreiser) 15. " But there is a deeper trouble still". (Leacock) 16....Taffy sat down most pleased. (Kipling) 17. I was supposed to help him in repairs and service... (M. Wilson) 18....how little was there to remember inversion. (Poe) 19. I ought to have been in bed a long time ago. (Lawrence) 20. " I wouldn't look like Giraffe — not for ever so". (Kipling) 21. I seem to be getting over it a little. (M. Wilson) 22....the fetters that bound their tongues were considered to be locked and the key thrown away. (Twain) 23. One of her most amiable traits was that she was never affronted by the naked truth. (Maugham) 24. " Splendid game cricket, " remarked Barbecue-Smith. (Huxley)

Exercise IV. Give corresponding Ukrainian equivalents to all parts of the English sentences below. Identify the isomorphic or allomorphic features in their structural forms and nature in either of the contrasted languages.

1. Mr. Smith smiled a happy smile. (Priestley) 2. The man behind the

desk laughed. (Bradbury) 3. I'm sorry about the clock. (Fitzgerald) 4. I've been having lunch with Mr. Gatsby. (Ibid.) 5. None of his girls would have said such a thing. (Galsworthy) 6. The man must have been dead a week. (Green) 7. Erik says that you may be coming to New York. (M. Wilson) 8. You should be a Greek. (Aldridge) 9. The rear was brought up by Oleson, the Swede. 10. The temperature rose, and soon the snow began to fall dry and fine and crystallike. (London) 11. " His huge form shook as he gave a laugh, low, silent". 12. He uttered no word, good or bad, but sat quite still. There, at the front, he was popular in the regimental mess... (Maugham) 13. He saw that someone was watching him, standing in the shadow of one of the trees. (Murdoch) 14. Years ago, Jim used to travel for a canned goods concern over in Carterville. (Lardner) 15. And he began to purr, loud and low, low and loud. (Kipling) 16. He realised that much, no more. (F. Hardy) 17. Anyone else, but him... (Ibid.) 18. She was a tall girl, as tall as himself. (W. Macken) 19. All happened many years ago, namely in 1832. (Aldiss) 20. Alice, however, declined the driving... (Trollope) 21. The dog barked again, fiercely this time. (Steinbeck) 22. As the man lives so shall he die, as the tree falls so shall it lie. (Saying)

Exercise V. Point out and analyse the English predicative word-groups in the sentences below and suggest their corresponding Ukrainian semantic and structural equivalents.

1. She did not want him to be laughed at. (Cronin) 2. He waited for her to speak, but she did not. (Ibid.) 3. For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake, and bread and jam. (J. K. Jerome) 4. We saw behind us thousands and thousands of white gulls, dipping, wheeling, brushing the water with their wings. (Galsworthy) 5. He saw himself and Ruth reading and discussing poetry. (London) 6. That being so, then he could rise to Ruth. (Ibid.) 7. After the data being obtained, the crystal was taken from the oil-bath. (M. Wilson) 8. He sat up suddenly, his muscular tensity in laughing aloud and the laugh being carried by the wind away from me. (Saroyan) 9. " Even Mummy could't mistake that for me being killed". (Kipling)

Exercise VI. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents for the English simple and composite sentences below. Point out isomorphisms or allomorphisms in the corresponding communicative/structural types of sentences in the contrasted languages.

1. It's funny that your husband should never look at you. 2. " I may be very stupid, but I can't make head or tail out of what you're saying". (Maugham) 3. " And I'm glad you came to us, Mademoiselle Marchand". 4. The white young woman. (Updike) 5. That was my father's ship passing over the town. (Bradbury) 6. It's the only way, you know. (Greene) 7. But I couldn't keep my goddam eyes open and I fell asleep. 8. Is she to take it that everything is O'K? (Salinger) 9. You could hear him putting away his crumby toilet articles and all. (Ibid.) 10. To Roberta, since he wouldn't her, he was telephoning briefly. (Dreiser) 11. His house was too far away for anyone to come to meet him. (Cusack) 12. " I am very fond of being looked at". (Wilde) 13. I wish, I were Pyle. (Greene) 14. Oh, if I only could go back to my flower basket. (B. Shaw) 15. " Why start tomorrow? " (Warren) 16. To do one's bit, and not worry? (Galsworthy) 17. Eat the orange in her hand, and throw away the rind. (Ibid.) 18. " Get the hell out of here". (Maugham) 19. " Oh, I beg your pardon". (Fitzgerald) 20. " Has she the children then? " " Yes". (Maugham) 21. " Are you very angry with me? " " No. Not all". (Ibid.) 22. " Sweetie, I don't honestly like this very much." (F. King) 23. " Diana! How lovely! "

24. " Bob, give me a hand with this screen... Would you, Bob? " (Ibid.)

25. " Seen a doctor, Charlie-boy? " Yes." (Jessing) 26. " Have you got a girl? " " Two." 27. " You ambidextrous? " " Yes, always was." 28. " You should be saying these things to him." " What? " (Ibid.)

Exercise VII. Analyse the structure of the English complex sentences and their counteropposed Ukrainian equivalents below and identify the types of the English sub-clauses and the allomorphic features in the structural forms of some sentences of the contrasted languages.

1. I wish I knew how to reward you. Знав би я/хотів би я знати,

(Seton-Thompson) як вам віддячити.

2. " I wish you'd tell him how sorry I am to hear he's laid up". (Priestley)

3. If you had not said that last I would have put all these things away for always. (Ibid.)

4. Still I remember how it looked and how it was used. (O'Dell)

5. I hope he is not very dear to you. (Baldwin)

6. We'll look for today, if you want to. (Ibid.)

7. " We'll go and live in New York, if you say". (Dreiser)

8. Oh, if she only could have such

a part, how broad would be her life. (Ibid.)

9. Ah, 1 wish I were fifteen again. (Maugham)

10. Whom God would ruin, he first deprives of reason.

11. Who goes more bare than the shoemaker's wife and the smith's mare?

12. When the rogues (thieves) fall out honest men come by their own.

13. While the grass grows, the horse (steed) starves.

14. Little griefs are loud, great griefs are silent. (Idioms)

15. Suddenly, like a clap of thunder from a clear sky, comes a disruption in

industry. (London)

16. " What man has done, man can do." (H. Wells)

Хочу, щоб ви переказали йому, як я жалкую, що він вийшов із гри. Якби ти був не сказав мені це наостанку, я б усе це був назавжди покинув... Однак я пригадую, який він був і як ним (човном) плавали. Сподіваюся, ти не дуже шкодуєш за ним.

Ми можемо сьогодні ще пошукати, якщо хочеш. Якщо захочете, ми переїдемо жити до Нью-Йорка. О, якби їй таку роль — яким багатим стало б її життя. О, я б хотіла, аби мені знову було п'ятнадцять років. Кого бог хоче покарати, того він найперше позбавляє його розуму. Хто найчастіше ходить у драних черевиках, як не шевцева дружина. Коли шахраї (злодії) сваряться, виграють чесні/порядні люди. Доки сонце зійде, роса очі виїсть.

Мала біда кричить, а велика (біда) мовчить.

Раптом, як грім серед ясного неба, з'являються негаразди в промисловості.

Людина робить те, що вона може. (Не святі горшки ліплять)

Exercise VIII. Analyse carefully each of the three (A.B.C.) structural types of Ukrainian composite sentences, translate them into English and give the surface models reflecting the interdependence of their coordinated or subordinated componental parts.

A. 1. He загримів ні грім у хмарах, ні зловісні блискавиці не розкраяли неба врочистим спалахом, ні не повивертали з корінням мо-

гутніх столітніх дубів. (Довженко) 2. Лиш небо гуде неокрає, Та сім'я журавлина на крилах весну підіймає, Та ясними ночами зорі світять мечами, на Дону, на Дніпрі, на Дунаї. (Малишко) 3. То вітерець дихне по ниві, То коник в житі засюрчить, То радісно бджола з добутком, з квітки, задзижчить. (Глібов) 4. І колишеться м'ята, і тремтить долина, і доріг тих багато, А вітчизна одна. (Малишко) 5. Чи щось сказати хоче, чи так душа болить, чи розгнівалась на когось, чи все разом бентежиться в її вразливій натурі. (Шумило)

В. 1. Не поет, хто забуває про страшні народні рани, щоб собі на вільні руки золоті надіть кайдани. (Л. Українка) 2. Там, де Личка круто в'ється, де хати в садах, де носила мене мати в поле на руках, там я знаю кожну стежку, кожен камінець, там узяв я пісню в серце із людських сердець. 3. Я жив би двічі і помер би двічі, Якби було нам два життя дано, Щоб ворогові глянути у вічі, Не зганьбленим зберігши знамено. (Бажан)

С. 1. Ідуть од шахти шахтарі, А даль така широка та іскриста Там, де рум'яна стежка од зорі Біжить в село, що стало уже містом. (Сосюра) 2. Така там була температура, так мене парою проймало, стільки крові з мене вийшло, що я відчув себе здоровим. (Яновсь-кий) 3. Осяяні місяцем гори блищать, Осрібляні місяцем сосни шумлять, А море і сердиться і лає вітри, що нишком його підслухують з гори. (Олесь)

Орієнтовні питання до курсового екзамену з порівняльної типології:

1.The subject of contrastive typology and its aims.

2.The difference between the typological and historic and comparative linguistics.

3.The notions of absolute and near universals.

4.Practical aims of contrastive typology.

5 Kinds of typologic investigations (classificational, quantitative, qualitative, typologies, etc.).

6.Methods of contrastive typology.

7.A short history of typologic investigations (XIX -XX centuries).

8.Typology of phonetic and phonemic systems in the contrasted languages.

9.Typology of the vowel systems in the contrasted languages. Oppositions in the system of vowels.

10.Typology of the consonant systems in the contrasted languages.

11.Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system of vowels and consonants in the contrasted languages.

13. Contrastive phonetics in teaching pronunciation.

15.Ways of contrasting phonetic systems.

16.Typology of the syllable in the contrasted languages.

17.The syllable from the articulatory, acoustic and the combinatorial points of view.

19.P.Menzerath's parallelogram and the study of syllables.

20.Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the types of syllables in the contrasted languages.

21.Word stress and intonation in the contrasted languages.

22.The morphemic structure of English and Ukrainian words.

23.Kinds of morphemes in the contrasted languages.

24.Inflexional morphemes in the contrasted languages.

25.Word paradigms in the contrasted languages.

26.Objects of investigation at the morphological level.

27.Typological constants of the morphological level.

28.Agglutination at the morphological level in the contrasted languages.

29.Suppletivity in English and Ukrainian.

30.Contrastive typology of lexicon. Typological approach to the classification of lexicon.

31.The system of lexicon in the contrasted languages.

32. Typology of different layers of lexicon in the contrasted languages

33.Allomorphic lexicon in the contrasted languages.

34.Indo-European stock of lexicon in the contrasted languages.

35.Typology of expressive/evaluating lexicon in English and Ukrainian.

36. Common semantic classes of words in the contrasted languages.

37.Typology of idiomatic expressions (isomorphic and allomorphic features).

38.The isomorphic nature of affixation in the contrasted languages.

39.Typology of word-building models in the contrasted languages.

40.Conversion as a predominantly English way of word-building model in the contrasted languages.

41.Kinds of abbreviation in the contrasted languages.

42.Typology of expressive and neutral lexicon in English and Ukrainian.

43.The typical features in a language marking the type of language.

44.Notional parts of speech in the contrasted languages.

45.Typology of the functional parts of speech in the contracted languages.

46.The noun. It's general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages.

47.Classes of nouns in the contrasted languages.

48.Typology of the morphological categories of the noun.

49.The category of number and its realization in the contrasted languages.

50. The expression of number and quantity in the contrasted languages. Singularia tantum/pluralia tantum nouns.

51.The adjective in the contrasted languages, grading of adjectives.

52.Full and base adjectives. Suffixes of adjectives.

53. Possessive adjectives in the contrasted languages.

54. The numeral and its classes in the contrasted languages,

55. The pronoun in the contrasted languages, its morphological nature and classes.

56. The verb: isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system of morphological categories of the verb.

57 Realization of the categories of person, number, tense, voice, aspect, mood in the contrasted languages. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the forms of morphological categories.

58. The category of tense and aspect in the contrasted languages.

59. Reflexive verbs in the contrasted languages. Allomorphic features in the forms of expressing different meanings in Ukrainian reflexive verb forms.

60. Expression of impersonal meanings in the contrasted languages.

61. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adverb in the contrasted languages. Classification of adverbs, degrees of comparison, functions of adverbs.

62. Typologic characteristics of the preposition. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the functions of prepositions.

63. Typologic characteristics of interjections in the contrasted languages.

64. Typologic characteristics of conjunctions in the contrasted languages.

65. The category of definiteness/indefiniteness and its realization in the contrasted languages.

66. Correlation of the types of syntactic connection in English and Ukrainian.

67. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the means of expressing syntactic connection in English and Ukrainian word-groups.

68. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the quantitative and qualitative correlation of the syntactic relations in English and Ukrainian.

69. Word-groups in the contrasted languages.

70. Paradigmatic (morphological) classes of word-groups in the contrasted languages.

71. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the classes of English and Ukrainian word-groups.

72. Typology of the types of sentences in the contrasted languages.

73. Classification of sentences in the contrasted languages. 74. Typology of the parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages.

75. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the appositive attributes in the contrasted

languages. 76. Typology of adverbial modifiers in the contrasted languages.

77. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the types of one-member sentences.

78. Typology of impersonal sentences in the contrasted languages.

79. Typology of the complex sentences in the contrasted languages.

80. Typology of the compound sentences in the contrasted languages.

81. Objects of investigation at the syntactic level.

82. The difference between the contrastive linguistics and contrastive typological approaches to investigating linguistic phenomena

83. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the nature of syntactic processes of the contrasted languages.

84. Substantival word-groups in the contrasted languages.