Главная страница Случайная страница
КАТЕГОРИИ:
АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника
Grammar Review
|
|
Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, признаком которого является частица «to».
Инфинитив может выполнять функции подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства и определения.
| To make mistakes is easy. | Ошибиться легко (подлежащее). |
| He stopped for a minute to read the notice. | Он остановился, чтобы прочитать объявление. (обстоятельство) |
| The tourists had three miles to go. | У туристов было три мили, которые нужно было пройти. (определение) |
Предложения с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом переводятся на русский язык:
1) безличным предложением (говорят, что …; известно, что …), за которым следует придаточное дополнительное предложение с союзом что;
2) простым предложением с вводными словами: как известно, как считали, вероятно, по-видимому.
| He is said to work hard at his English. | Говорят, что он упорно работает над английским. |
| This laboratory appears to be working out new possible applications of a laser. | По-видимому, эта лаборатория разрабатываетновые применения лазера. |
3. Memorize the following word combinations:
means of communication – средство связи
punched holes and blanks – перфорированные отверстия и пробелы
a punched card – перфокарта
a punched tape – перфолента
data-handling equipment – оборудование по управлению данными
a factor of advantage – коэффициент преимущества
peripheral or auxiliary devices – вспомогательные устройства
proper speed – надлежащая скорость
TEXT A
INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS (I/O UNITS)
1. The part of the computer that takes in information is called the input unit. The input unit or device provides the means of communication between the computer and the people who are interested in its operation.
2. To be accepted by the machine, information for a digital computer has to be in the form of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,... 9 or characters А, В. С, D,.... These characters are regularly expressed for the computer's purposes as six or seven 1's and 0's. The 1's and 0's may be expressed for the computer: as punched holes (1) and blanks (0) in a card or a paper tape; as presence (1) and absence (0) of electrical pulses; or as polarized spots on a magnetic surface; for example, south-north is 1 and north-south is 0, or vice versa, etc.
3. So the input unit makes possible communication from the other data-handling equipment and human being to the computer. It is the functional part of the computer that accepts the data to be operated on and programs for operating. It may consist of a keyboard operated tape punch, a paper tape reader, a card reader, and an electric typewriter.
4. The part of a computer that puts out information is called the output unit. The computer can easily put out information in a form acceptable to human beings. For example, the computer may give impulses to an electric typewriter, so that the keys are energized in the proper sequence to type out a message in ordinary typed characters which human beings can read, etc.
5. The output of a computer is known to vary according to the capacity of the auxiliary equipment receiving the information. A computer can record on a magnetic tape at the rate of 1, 000, 000 characters per second. It can also control a paper tape punch which will punch a paper tape at the rate of 100 characters per second; or a card punch which will punch per second about 300 standard punch cards of 80 columns; or a high-speed line-printer which will punch 20 lines per second, each of 80 to 120 characters. Input and output devices are usually called peripherals.
6. All this peripheral equipment is slow as compared with the computer. Consequently, for efficient use of the computer's tremendous calculating speed, devices called buffers may be used. A buffer is known to be a storage device, which is able to take in information at a very high speed from the computer and release the information at the proper speed for the peripheral equipment.
7. A human being is known to write by hand at the rate of about 30 words per minute, or to type at the rate of about 60 words per minute, or to talk at the rate of 200 or 250 words per minute. The ratio between a computer speed of about 40, 000 words per second, and the top output speed of a human being of about 4 words per second, gives a factor of advantage to the computer of about 10, 000 to 1 at the beginning of the 60's. Nowadays this ratio is much more.
Notes:
the input unit makes possible communication from the other data-handling equipment and human being – блок ввода позволяет установить связь от другого оборудования по обработке данных и человека
a keyboard operated tape punch – ленточный перфоратор, работающий от клавишного пульта