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Unit 5 Safety and Security
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Авіаційна англійська мова
Для льотного складу
IV рівень
Навчальний посібник
Кіровоград
УДК 808.2
Авіаційна англійська мова для льотного складу (IV рівень) /Укладачі: Вітряк А.Н., Омельяненко Н.В., Зеленська Л.М., Гріденко Н.О., Семенюк Н.Г., Ковальова І.В.// Під редакцією Вітряка А.Н. – Кіровоград, 2010. – 190 с.
Навчальний посібник з авіаційної англійської мови призначений для льотного складу, який виконує польоти на МПЛ і має ІІІ-й рівень базової підготовки з авіаційної англійської мови за шкалою ICAO.
Посібник складається з п’яти модулів: «Авіаційна індустрія» (Омельяненко Н.В.), «Передполітна підготовка» (Гріденко Н.О., Семенюк Н.Г.), «Політ» (Гріденко Н.О.), «Післяполітний етап» (Ковальова І.В.), «Авіаційна безпека і охорона» (Зеленська Л.М.).
Кожен модуль поділяється на підмодулі, які включають тексти і систему вправ, що дає змогу слухачам оволодіти термінологічним запасом професійної спрямованості і суттєво підвищити рівень володіння англійською мовою.
Окрім того, посібник доповнюється словником та списком абревіатур, а звукове супроводження текстів на компакт-дисках допомагає підвищити рівень навичок аудіювання текстів авіаційної спрямованості і досягти IV робочого англомовного рівня ICAO.
CONTENTS
Unit 1 Industry
Section 1.1 Civil Aviation…………………………………………………………...5
Section 1.2 Airlines – General………………………………………………….……7
Section 1.3 Aircraft – General………………………………………………………13
Section 1.4 Flight……………………………………………………………………16
Section 1.5 Introduction to Boeing 737-3/4/500 series……………………………..20
Unit 2 Pre-Flight
Section 2.1 Operations Control (Part 1)…………………………….………………24
Section 2.2 Operations Control (Part 2)…………………..……………..………….27
Section 2.3 Aviation weather………………………………………………………..32
Section 2.4 Aeronautical Information Service………………………………………40
Section 2.5 Performance…………………………………………………….…….…44
Section 2.6 The Flight Plan……………………………………………….…………49
Section 2.7 The ATC Flight Plan……………………………………………………53
Section 2.8 Crew Pre-Flight…………………………………………………………57
Section 2.9 Cabin Crew Briefing……………………………………………………63
Section 2.10 Passenger Check In and Boarding………………………………..……66
Section 2.11 Aircraft Loading……………………………………………………….70
Section 2.12 Fuel and Maintenance……………………….…………………..…….73
Section 2.13 Pre-Departure Inspection…………………….………………….…….76
Unit 3 Flight
Section 3.1 Cockpit Safety Check…………………………………………….…….80
Section 3.2 Before-Start Check (Part 1)……………………….………………...….84
Section 3.3 Before-Start Check (Part 2).……………….………….………….…….87
Section 3.4 Push-back and Engine Start Procedure……………………………...….92
Section 3.5 Pre-Takeoff Procedure………………………………………………….95
Section 3.6 Takeoff Procedure……………………………………………..……….99
Section 3.7 Climb......................................................................................................103
Section 3.8 Cruise......................................................................................................106
Section 3.9 Descent...................................................................................................109
Section 3.10 Approach and Landing……………………………………….………112
Section 3.11 Taxiing and Shutdown……………………………………….………116
Unit 4 Post-Flight
Section 4.1 Disembarkation…………………………………………..……………120
Section 4.2 Immigration…………………………………………....………………122
Section 4.3 Baggage Collection……………………………………………………123
Section 4.4 Customs……………………………………………………..…………124
Section 4.5 Arrivals Hall………………………………………………………...…126
Section 4.6 Flight Crew Duties…………………………………….………………127
Unit 5 Safety and Security
Section 5.1 Safety………………………………………………….…….…………129
Section 5.2 The Industry……………………………………………………………131
Section 5.3 Primary cause factors………………………………………..…………134
Section 5.4 The Airline……………………………………………………….…….137
Section 5.5 The Air Safety Office………………………………………….………139
Section 5.6 Dangerous Goods……………………………………………...………142
Section 5.7 Aviation Security (Part 1)……………………………………..……….145
Section 5.8 Aviation Security (Part 2)……………………………………..……….148
Word List ……………………………………………………………………...152
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS …………………………………..…………..186
References ……………………………………………………………………..189
UNIT 1
INDUSTRY
Section 1.1 Civil Aviation
Exercise 1.1.1 Read and translate the text.
Standards and Recommended Practices for civil aviation are published by the International Civil Aviation Organization by Annex. There are 18 Annexes and each covers a particular aspect of the aviation industry. In addition, PANS-OPS and PANS-ATM are supplementary publications which cover areas of the operational and Air Traffic Control environment.
Individual states subscribe to the Annexes and publish aviation rules and procedures through their laws. Generally, states have an Aviation Authority which regulates national aviation within its airspace. This is achieved by publishing laws governing the operation and maintenance of aircraft and monitoring their implementation. Such information will be found in the Air Navigation Orders, Aeronautical Information Publications, Notices to Airmen or their local equipment. As a result airlines, Air traffic Control, airport operators, maintenance facilities and the industry infrastructure comply with one set of standards.
Each facility, Maintenance, Airline and Airport must be approved by the local authority which then issues a license.
In the case of the airline this license is known as an Air Operator’s Certificate.
Exercise 1.1.2 Answer the questions.
1. What organization publishes Standards and Recommended Practices for civil aviation?
2. How many annexes are there? What does each one cover?
3. What are the supplementary publications? What do they cover?
4. What body regulates national aviation within the airspace of each individual state?
5. What information will be found in the air Navigation Orders, Aeronautical Information Publications, Notices to Airmen or their local equipment?
6. What must be approved by the local authority?
7. Which body issues a license?
8. What is this license known as in the case of the airline?
Exercise 1.1.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. Standards and Recommended Practices for civil aviation are published by the International Civil Aviation Organization by Aeronautical Information Publications.
2. There are nineteen Annexes to the Convention on Civil Aviation.
3. PANS-OPS and PANS-ATM are supplementary publications.
4. States have an Aviation Authority which regulates international aviation within its airspace.
5. Laws governing the operation and maintenance of aircraft and monitoring their implementation will be found in Air Navigation Orders, Aeronautical Information Publications, Notices to Airmen or local equipment.
6. Each facility, maintenance, airline and transport must be approved by International Civil Aviation Organization.
7. International Civil Aviation Organization issues a license.
Exercise 1.1.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Гражданская авиация, Международная организация гражданской авиации, авиационная администрация, авиационная индустрия, дополнительные публикации, управление воздушным движением, авиационные правила и процедуры, воздушное пространство, эксплуатация и техническое обслуживание воздушных судов, внедрение, сборник аэронавигационной информации, авиакомпания, средства технического обслуживания, набор стандартов.
Exercise 1.1.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) | a. a publication by ICAO, which provides technical aviation guidance to states in formulating their laws |
| 2. Air Navigation Order (ANO) | b. a service provided by an aviation authority to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic |
| 3. Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC) | c. the published aeronautical information about air navigation of a lasting nature. It contains detailed information on the State’s aeronautical facilities and regulations including sections on Airports, Aeronautical Charts, Air Traffic Rules and Services, Communications, Facilitation, Meteorology, and Search and Rescue |
| 4. Air Traffic Control (ATC) | d. an area of land or water (including buildings, installations and equipment) that is used or intended to be used for the departure and arrival of aircraft, and which has full facilities for the transport of passengers and cargo |
| 5. Airport | e. the license issued by an aviation authority to an airline authorizing it to carry out specified commercial transport operations. It specifies the terms and conditions under which the owner will operate |
| 6. Airline | f. a thee dimensional volume or block of air over a country |
| 7. Airspace | g. the department or nominee of a Government charged with regulating air transport in the territory of the state |
| 8. Annex | h. a statutory Instrument defining the regulations governing air navigation matters within the states |
| 9. Aviation Authority | i. any air transport company which operates a national or international service |
Exercise 1.1.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 1.1.5.
1. An _________ will usually have paved runways, navigation aids, hangars and passenger terminals.
2. National ______ extends over all the territory (land and sea) of a nation.
3. _________ 6 concerns operation of aircraft.
4. UIA is one of the biggest ________ in Ukraine.
5. _________ provides lateral and vertical separation for aircraft.
6. ___________ embodies much of the ICAO Annexes into local aviation law.
7. ___________ is issued by the aviation authority of a state.
8. Aviation Authority issues an ________ to the airline.
9. _________ regulates national aviation within state’s airspace.
Exercise 1.1.7 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
| AIP NOTAM PANS-OPS PANS-ATM ATC AOC ANO ICAO CAA SARPS AP |
Exercise 1.1.8 Retell the text.
Section 1.2 Airlines – General
Exercise 1.2.1 Read and translate the text.
Within the airline there are two statutory positions, one in Operations and one in Engineering. The former is responsible and accountable for the safety of the operation and the latter for the maintenance and upkeep of the aircraft. These positions are often known as the Flight Operations Manager or Chief Pilot and the Engineering Manager or Chief Engineer. These titles will vary from airline to airline.
An airline operates a fleet of aircraft and provides carriage for passengers and/or cargo from one airport to another. It charges a fare for carriage. The collection of fares for the flight is known as the revenue. Payload is the weight of all the passengers plus the cargo carried on a particular flight. The fare may be for a single sector or for a multi-sector flight. The available payload on a flight or series of flights is often called capacity. This may be quoted in volume, weight or in passenger numbers.
Most airlines are based at a particular airport which is often its hub. The airline will have routes to other airports where flights turn around and return to base. These routes are sometimes called spokes. An airline normally produces a timetable for scheduled flights. Airlines may also operate non-scheduled flights, charter operations or fly passengers as part of inclusive tour packages. Large airlines usually have multiple hubs with very complex route systems.
An airline may only operate to another country if there is a bilateral agreement in force between the respective countries. This agreement specifies the terms under which the airline must operate.
Before an airline commences operation on a particular route it will evaluate that route. A marketing analysis will often be used to assess the potential market. This will determine the type of aircraft required, the frequency of the operation and the revenue that might be achieved.
From the operation side a feasibility study should be conducted to ensure that the aircraft can in fact accommodate the marketing targets, i.e., that the payload projections can be carried by the performance of the aircraft, that the operation is possible and that it may be safely conducted. Additional considerations may include changing the operational schedule and ensuring adequate resources are available for the new operation. The resources include fuel at the outstation adjusting rosters to make staff available, making sure that the correct ground equipment is available, etc. all these factors are then cost.
When all costs are offset against the estimated revenue a judgment can be made as to whether such an operation is profitable. If a decision is made to operate then the airline will commence marketing by advertising and various promotions. Finally, reservations are taken from passengers who wish to use the service and the operation commences.
Ultimately the objective of an airline is to carry passengers safely, reliably and efficiently at a profit. However, sustained profitability is very difficult due to the cyclical nature of global and national economies.
Exercise 1.2.2 Answer the questions.
1. What are statutory positions within the airline?
2. What is the position in Operations responsible and accountable for?
3. What is the position in Engineering responsible and accountable for?
4. What does airline operate and provide?
5. What is the collection of fares for the flight known?
6. How may the capacity be quoted?
7. What are spokes?
8. Under what condition may an airline operate to another country?
9. What will an airline do before it commences operation on a particular route?
10. What should be conducted to ensure that the aircraft can in fact accommodate the marketing targets?
11. What may additional consideration include?
12. What can be made when all costs are offset against the estimated revenue?
13. What is finally done?
14. What is the objective of an airline?
Exercise 1.2.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. An airline charges a fare for carriage.
2. The collection of fare for the flight is known as revenue.
3. Payload is weight of the cargo carried on a particular flight.
4. The available payload on a flight or serves of flights is often called volume capacity.
5. Most airlines are based at a particular airport.
6. An airline doesn’t normally produce a timetable for scheduled flights.
7. Airlines may also operate non-scheduled flights, charter operations or fly passengers as part of inclusive tour packages.
8. A marketing analysis will often be used to assess the potential market.
9. The bilateral agreement will determine the type of aircraft required, the frequency of the operation and the revenue that might be achieved.
10. If a decision is made to operate then the airline will commence marketing by advertising various promotions.
Exercise 1.2.4 Translate the words and word combinations into your language and back into English. Memorize them.
| statutory positions responsible and accountable for the safety of the operation the maintenance and upkeep Flight Operations Manager Engineering Manager a fleet of aircraft the frequency of the operation to assess the potential market the performance of the aircraft to provide carriage for passengers and cargo to carry passengers safely, reliably and efficiently by advertising various promotions to charge a fare for carriage to accommodate the marketing targets a bilateral agreement in force fuel at the outstation adjusting rosters scheduled flights the type of the aircraft required non-scheduled flights | charter operations complex route system to evaluate the route a marketing analysis a feasibility study adequate resources ground equipment profitable ultimately at a profit the revenue payload a single-sector flight a multi-sector flight available payload sustained profitability passenger number a hub spokes timetable |
Exercise 1.2.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
1.
| A | B |
| 1. Advertising | a. freight, payload |
| 2. Base | b. volume, ability to hold. Ability to absorb or service |
| 3. Bilateral agreement | c. the method used to increase awareness in a target market of a specific product |
| 4. Capacity | d. an agreement between two countries which specifies the privileges of their airlines to trade. These are known as “freedoms”, the first two of which were agreed in the Chicago Convention |
| 5. Cargo | e. the provision of transport for which a fare may be charged |
| 6. Carriage | f. any flight where the aircraft is wet leased by a third party |
| 7. Charter | g. the person within an airline who has statutory responsibility for ensuring that each operating aircraft has a valid Certificate of Airworthiness |
| 8. Chief Engineer (CE) | h. the airport from where an airline’s fleet is operated. It may also be headquarters of the airline and the site of its major maintenance facilities |
2.
| A | B |
| 1. Chief Pilot (CP) | a. an evaluation by an airline of potential route seeking |
| 2. Cost | b. the person within an airline who has statutory responsibility for the safety of flight operations and who must ensure that such flights comply with relevant legislation |
| 3. Engineering Manager | c. to estimate the expenditure on, or cost of, the various elements of an activity. |
| 4. Fare | d. the mix and number of aircraft types operated by an airline |
| 5. Feasibility study | e. an evaluation of current or potential markets, i.e. the identification of potential customers, their needs and buying ability, and the extent to which the products of the company match those needs |
| 6. Fleet | f. similar in function and status to the Chief Engineer |
| 7. Marketing | g. matching the output or products of a company to the needs of its customers |
| 8. Marketing analysis | h. the price charged to transport a person |
3.
| A | B |
| 1. Multi-sector | a. 1) to balance cost against revenue 2) to compensate for to balance against |
| 2. Non scheduled flight | b. the planned schedule for an airline complete with individual tasking for each aircraft |
| 3. Offset | c. any person carried on board an aircraft who is not part of the operating crew |
| 4. Operational schedule | d. an airport other than base |
| 5. Outstation | e. flights which are not scheduled |
| 6. Passenger | f. the revenue producing load that an aircraft can carry |
| 7. Payload | g. excess of income over expenditure |
| 8. Profit | h. flights involving more than one take-off and landing |
4.
| A | B |
| 1. Performance | a. the capability of flying characteristics of the aircraft, particularly with regard to obstacle clearance and other problems affecting the safe operation of the aircraft |
| 2. Promotions | b. the total means available to an airline for increasing production or profit |
| 3. Reservation | c. total sales plus income for a period. The total fares for a flight or series of flights. The gross income from an investment |
| 4. Resources | d. a booking made for a particular flight |
| 5. Revenue | e. 1) a path between two or more airports. 2) the airway or series of airways which the aircraft will follow to reach its destination |
| 6. Roster | f. getting the right message through to the right target markets at the right time by using the most effective methods |
| 7. Route | g. a list of daily duties with associated reporting times for work and duty periods |
| 8. Safety | h. the condition of being safe from causing or suffering harm, injury or loss |
5.
| A | B |
| 1. Scheduled | a. the heaviness of an object. The amount the object weighs. Quoted in kilograms and pounds |
| 2. Single sector | b. the radial route or sector flights from a base |
| 3. Spokes | c. 1) depending on a specific law, expressly, as acted, for authority. 2) in the context of aviation, certain positions in flight operations and maintenance with their respective authorities and responsibilities are required by law |
| 4. Staff | d. the employees of a company. The team that forms an airline |
| 5. Statutory | e. a flight operated regularly according to a published schedule or timetable |
| 6. Timetable | f. a set of schedules for various routes published by an airline |
| 7. Weight | g. a flight involving only one take off and landing |
Exercise 1.2.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 1.2.5.
1. a. ___________ ranges from posters on billboards to newspaper __________ and commercial radio and television advertisements.
b. Aircraft _________ includes ability to hold and route _________ means ability to absorb or service.
c. The title of the Engineering Manager in some airlines is known as the _____.
2. d. _________ is usually expressed as getting the marketing mix right.
e. The __________ is a statutory position in Operations within the airline.
f. An airline charges a ________ for carriage.
g. From the operation side a _______ should be conducted to ensure that the aircraft can in fact accommodate the marketing targets.
3. h. _______ includes passenger, baggage, freight and mail.
i. ________ is a marginal characteristics in most airline operations despite rapid growth and ready investors.
4. j. Another meaning of _________ is raising a person to a higher rank, for example, first officer or captain.
k. _______ may be in human, material or financial form.
m. For pilots a ________ is prepared in advance by the Crew Planning section of an Airline Operations Department.
5. n. ___________ is the force by which a body is attracted to the Earth.
o. The routes are sometimes called _______.
p. The fare may be for a ________ or for a multi-sector flight.
Exercise 1.2.7 Retell the text.