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Repetitive Flight Plan 3 страница
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The pilot conducting the check normally starts his Walk Round Inspection at the forward entry door and proceeds round the aircraft in a clockwise direction, carefully examining the fuselage, wings, engines and tail-plane. Any potential problems which can be observed by the trained eye, can be identified, assessed and dealt with before they become a safety hazard during flight. Items such as
· damaged pitot-static sensors
· damaged angle of attack sensors
· damaged or missing static discharge wicks
· fuel leaks
· engine oil leaks
· hydraulic fluid leakage
· broken brackets
· holes, scratches or dents in the fuselage or wings caused by ground equipment or bird strikes
· damaged flap, aileron, elevator and rudder surfaces and hinges
· broken landing lights; navigation lights
· loose or missing bolts
· poor door sealing
· nicked or chipped engine fan blades
· incorrectly inflated, damaged or worn tyres
· wheel damage
· incorrect oleo extension
are carefully noted and drawn to the attention of maintenance personnel as necessary.
During winter operations the walk round is also used to check the fuselage and all flying control surfaces and hinges for ice, frost or snow accumulation and to ensure that it is all removed before flight.
Exercise 2.13.2 Answer the questions.
1. What kind of inspection is carried out before every flight?
2. Who performs it?
3. What opportunity does it give to the crew?
4. Why is it so important?
5. What may require an intermittent fault of a system?
6. What may happen to the aircraft as a result of it?
7. How does the check usually begin?
8. Where does the pilot proceed then?
9. What does he carefully examine?
10. What kind of potential problems do you remember? Name as many as you can.
11. What are the additional problems typical for winter operation?
12. When should such problems be removed?
Exercise 2.13.3 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. The PDI or Walk Round Inspection is carried out before the most significant flights.
2. It is always carried out by the Co-Pilot.
3. The check cannot be completed by other members of the cockpit crew.
4. It is an opportunity to identify potential problems before they arise.
5. Even minor problems can become significant in certain circumstances.
6. On intermittent fault of a system doesn’t require extensive troubleshooting.
7. It can sometimes cause the aircraft to become downgraded until it is rectified.
8. The pilot conducting the check normally starts his Walk Round Inspection at the back service door.
9. He then proceeds round the aircraft in a counterclockwise direction.
10. He carefully examines the fuselage, wings, engines and tail-plane.
11. Any potential problems which can be observed by the trained eye, can be identified, assessed and dealt with before they become a safety hazard during flight.
12. The damages and defects are carefully noted and drawn to the attention of maintenance personnel.
13. During autumn operations the walk round is also used to check the fuselage and all flying control surfaces and hinges for dirt, frost or slush accumulation and to ensure that it is all removed before flight.
Exercise 2.13.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Изношенный; покрышка; выявление неисправностей; хвостовая плоскость; поверхность; кисточка статического разрядника; значительный; царапина; безопасность; руль направления; устранять; исправлять ошибки; вмятина; квалифицированный; приступать; вероятный; датчик статического давления; осмотр перед вылетом; возможность; гидросистема стойки шасси; утечка масла; накопление; закрылок; управляющая поверхность; фюзеляж; утечка топлива; изморозь; наземное оборудование; опасность; шарнир; дыра; утечка гидравлической жидкости; распознавать; неверно; надутый; периодический; пункт; незатянутый; возникать; элерон; удар птицы; оценивать; датчик угла атаки; поломанный; кронштейн; со сколами; послужить причиной; вести; обстоятельство; повреждение; по часовой стрелке; принимать меры; громадный; обеспечить; герметизация дверей; неисправность; лопасть вентилятора; выпуск шасси; руль высоты; привлекать внимание; переводить в низшую категорию.
Exercise 2.13.5 Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Fan blade | a. the undercarriage leg assembly (normally hydraulically dampened or sprung telescopic rod) |
| 2. Static discharge wick | b. a device, consisting of a pitot tube and static sensor located on the nose of large aircraft which measures the impact pressure of the air moving past the aircraft |
| 3. Oleo | c. an external walk-round check carried out before each departure |
| 4. Fuselage | d. instruments which detect the angle of attack |
| 5. Rudder | e. the action when the capability of the aircraft to approach and land in reduced visibility is reduced requiring the aircraft to operate to higher minima |
| 6. Pitot-static sensor | f. ailerons, elevators, rudder, flaps, spoilers etc. |
| 7. Tailplane | g. a hinged horizontal surface on the tailplane of the aircraft used to pitch the nose up and down and controlled by the forward and backward movement of the stick |
| 8. Pre-Departure Inspection | h. the horizontal stabilizing surface of an aircraft's tail |
| 9. Clockwise | i. the blades visible within the air intake of a jet engine |
| 10. Downgrade | j. high-lift devices on the leading and (more usually) trailing edge of the wing which can be made to extend in a sequence when selected by the pilot which change the effective shape of the wings and thereby generate more lift |
| 11. Flap | k. to rotate in the same direction as the hands of a clock |
| 12. Elevator | l. a small wire bundle on the extremities of an aircraft (wings, empennage), which disperse static electricity into the atmosphere and provide some protection against lightning strikes |
| 13. Angle of attack sensor | m. the hull or central body of an aircraft complete with ribs, stringers and skin which accommodates the passengers, payload and crew |
| 14. Flying control surface | n. a hinged control surface on the vertical stabilizer or fin of the aircraft used to control the aircraft in yaw which is operated by the pilot through foot pedals in the cockpit |
Exercise 2.13.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 2.13.5.
1. The ________ Inspection is carried out before every flight.
2. An intermittent fault of a system may require extensive troubleshooting and cause the aircraft to become _______ until it is rectified.
3. The pilot conducting the check normally starts his Walk Round Inspection at the forward entry door and proceeds round the aircraft in a ______ direction, carefully examining the fuselage, wings, engines and tail- _____.
4. Any potential problems which can be observed by the trained eye, can be identified, assessed and dealt with before they become a safety hazard during flight. These items are: damaged pilot-______; damaged angle _____; damaged or missing static ____; holes, scratches or dents in the _____ or wings caused by ground equipment or bird strikes; damaged ____; _____; _______ and ______ surfaces and hinges; nicked or chipped engine ______; incorrect _____ extension etc.
5. During winter operations the walk round is also used to check the fuselage and all _________ and hinges for ice, frost or snow accumulation and to ensure that it is all removed before flight.
Exercise 2.13.7 What does the following abbreviation stand for?
| PDI |
UNIT 3
FLIGHT
Section 3.1 Cockpit Safety Check
Exercise 3.1.1 Read and translate the text.
Good communication in a cockpit is essential. You will notice that the verbal communication between pilots during an operation of the flight is often terse and clipped. But each pilot keeps the other fully informed of what he is doing or intends to do so that both are ‘in the loop’. For example, the handling pilot briefs the non-handling pilot in advance about what he intends to do during the take off and the approach to landing. This ensures that both pilots share the same plan for each critical phase of flight. This in turn reduces uncertainty and increases situational awareness.
The crew begin the checklist. This is completed by one pilot reading the items on the checklist while the other pilot replies. This is known as challenge and response.
Captain: Please read the Cockpit Safety Check.
Co-Pilot: OK Captain!
(P2 reads and P1confirms checklist)
Co-Pilot: Surfaces and Chocks.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Maintenance status.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Battery.
Captain: Checked and on.
Co-Pilot: Electric hydraulic pumps.
Captain: Off.
Co-Pilot: Landing gear lever and lights.
Captain: Down, 6 greens.
Co-Pilot: Flaps.
Captain: Lever with gauge.
Co-Pilot: Fire panel.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Radar.
Captain: Off.
Co-Pilot: Circuit breaks.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: APU/Ground power.
Captain: On line. We will hold the check there, Garret.
Co-Pilot: OK Captain!
(Interruption by Red Cap.)
Red Cap: Hello, Captain, passengers are boarding. I’ll come back in a few minutes.
Captain: Thank you, Red Cap. Right, Garret. Continue with the check please.
Co-Pilot: OK! Emergency equipment.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: PMG.
Captain: On, lights out.
Co-Pilot: Crew and passenger oxygen.
Captain: Checked and normal.
Co-Pilot: Flight Recorder.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Mach and Airspeed warnings.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Stall warnings.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Ship’s library.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Rain repellent.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Gear pins.
Captain: Stowed.
Co-Pilot: GPWS.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Cockpit safety check complete.
Captain: Thank you.
Exercise 3.1.2 Answer the questions.
1. What is characteristic of the communication between the pilots in the cockpit during the flight?
2. What does the expression ‘in the loop’ mean?
3. What does the handling pilot inform the non-handling pilot about?
4. What does this procedure ensure?
5. Who reads the checklist concerning the cockpit safety check?
6. Who responds to the challenges?
7. What is the first item in the checklist?
8. Is the battery on or off before take-off?
9. What about the electric hydraulic pumps?
10. What is the position of the landing gear lever?
11. Why do the pilots check whether the Ground Power Unit is connected to the aircraft?
12. Why is it necessary to check the oxygen supplies on board the aircraft?
13. Why is the item concerning the rain repellent included in the checklist?
14. What documents does the so-called ship’s library include?
15. What may happen in case the gear pins are not stowed?
16. Which warning systems do the pilots check before the departure?
17. Who informs the crew about the passenger boarding process?
Exercise 3.1.3 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. Good communication in a cockpit is very important.
2. The verbal communication between pilots during an operation of the flight is often quite long and detailed.
3. Each pilot keeps the other fully informed of what he is doing or intends to do.
4. The handling pilot briefs the non-handling pilot in advance about what he intends to do during the whole flight.
5. The checklist is completed by one pilot reading the items on the checklist while the other pilot replies.
6. This is known as challenge and response.
7. The control surfaces are checked before take-off but the chocks are the responsibility of the ground personnel only.
8. Maintenance status is confirmed by the flight engineer.
9. The battery is checked and it is on.
10. The electric hydraulic pumps are also on.
11. The landing gear lever is down and the lights are green.
12. The fire panel is checked before the departure.
13. The weather radar is off while the aircraft is on the ground.
14. The APU/Ground power is on line.
15. The Ramp Agent reports that the passengers are boarding.
16. The emergency equipment will be checked after take-off during the initial climb.
17. The crew and passenger oxygen is checked and the supply is normal.
18. The flight recorder has just started its work.
19. Airspeed and stall warnings are checked.
20. All the documents which have to be kept on board are also checked.
21. Gear pins are stowed.
22. The GPWS check was the last item in the checklist which completes the routine cockpit safety check.
Exercise 3.1.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Словесный; важнейший; использовать совместно; заблаговременно; пилотирующий пилот; возрастать; уменьшаться; по очереди; неопределенность; информированность; отклик; непилотирующий пилот; завершенный; опознавательный сигнал; контрольный перечень; управляющая поверхность; система предупреждения опасного сближения с землей; предохранительный штырь шасси; переложен(о); водоотталкивающее оборудование; предупреждение о сваливании на крыло; сигнализация скорости по Маху; сигнализация воздушной скорости; бортовая документация воздушного судна; кислород; размыкатель электроцепи; вспомогательная силовая установка; магнитоэлектрический генератор; бортовой регистратор; дежурный по перрону; включенный; выключенный; рычаг; закрылок; сигнальная лампочка; измерительный прибор; панель пожаротушения; радиолокатор; техническое состояние; аккумулятор; электрический гидронасос; подтверждать; стояночная колодка; аэродромный пусковой агрегат.
Exercise 3.1.5 Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Checked | a. a device or system that alerts the pilot of an impending stall |
| 2. Check list | b. a cell which provides electric current by converting chemical energy to electric energy |
| 3. Flight recorder | c. pins located on each landing gear as a safety measure to prevent retraction on the ground when towed or during maintenance |
| 4. Stall warning | d. company official who supervises loading, boarding and provision of associated documentation of a flight |
| 5. Flaps | e. wedges of wood or other material which can be placed under the wheels of stationary aircraft to prevent movement if the brakes are released while the aircraft is parked |
| 6. Circuit breakers | f. the item in question is on board the aircraft and in its allocated place |
| 7. Chocks | g. a liquid based high pressure power source which is used to operate aircraft systems that require large amounts of energy to function |
| 8.Maintenance status | h. an aircraft system which warns the pilots when the limiting airspeed or Mach number is being exceeded |
| 9. Mach/Airspeed warnings | i. a liquid which when sprayed on a wet windscreen reduces the tendency of the rain to adhere and obscure vision |
| 10. Fire panel | j. hinged areas on the surfaces of the wing which can be made to extend and which change the effective shape of the wings and thereby generate more lift |
| 11. Rain repellent | k. the current technical condition of the aircraft as detailed in the Technical Log Book |
| 12. Red Cap | l. confirmation that a system has been tested and is operative or serviceable |
| 13. Battery | m. equipment on board the aircraft which records information on flight parameters and the operation of the aircraft |
| 14. Hydraulic | n. a panel in the cockpit on which are located all the fire warning indications and fire fighting equipment selection and activation switches |
| 15. Stowed | o. a list of essential actions which must be completed by the cockpit crew in a precise sequence at various phases of the flight |
| 16. Gear pins | p. electrical circuit protection devices similar in function to fuses |
Exercise 3.1.6 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
| APU GPWS PMG |
Section 3.2 Before-Start Check (Part 1)
Exercise 3.2.1 Read and translate the text.
Captain: Before Start Checklist, please.
Co-Pilot: Before Start Checklist reads: IRS position.
Captain: Set and cross-checked.
Co-Pilot: Cockpit/external check.
Captain: Completed.
Co-Pilot: Light test.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Oxygen and Interphone.
Captain: On 100% and checked.
Co-Pilot: Yaw damper.
Captain: On.
Co-Pilot: Fuel.
Captain: 4 pumps on, 4800 Kgs. on board, cross-feed closed.
Co-Pilot: Galley power.
Captain: On.
Co-Pilot: Standby power.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Emergency exit lights.
Captain: Armed.
Co-Pilot: No smoking/Fasten Seat Belts.
Captain: Auto/on.
Co-Pilot: Window heat.
Captain: On.
Co-Pilot: Hydraulics.
Captain: Normal.
Co-Pilot: Air conditioning and pressurization.
Captain: Packs off, bleeds on, set.
(Interruption by Red Cap.)
Red Cap: Captain, here are the Load Sheet and Freight documents. All passengers are on board.
Captain: Thank you. Garret, we will hold the check here.
Captain: Are you ready to copy the figures?
Co-Pilot: Yes.
Captain: ZFW 39.2 Tonnes.
TOW 43.7 Tonnes.
LW 42.4Tonnes.
TOMac 17%.
Total passengers on board 75.
Co-Pilot: Thank you, Captain. Would you like to use Flexible Takeoff Thrust?
Captain: Yes, we can use reduced thrust.
Co-Pilot: We can use a 50° assumed temperature for reduced thrust off RW 28.
(Captain checks and confirms assumed temperature and speeds.)
Captain: 50° with a takeoff weight of approximately 44 tonnes gives speeds of 122, 123, 130.
Co-Pilot: V1 122, Vr 123, V2 130, 145 Checked.
(Both Pilots set speeds and confirm settings.)
Captain: Checked on my side.
Co-Pilot: Trim is33/4
Captain: Checked on my side. We will continue with the check now.
Exercise 3.2.2 Answer the questions.
1. Why is the IRS not only set and checked but also cross-checked?
2. How much oxygen is there on board?
3. Why do they need the interphone?
4. Is the yaw damper on or off?
5. How much fuel is there on board?
6. How many fuel pumps are on?
7. Are the cross-feed valves open or closed?
8. Is the window heat on or off?
9. Why are the pilots so interested in hydraulics?
10. Do they need air-conditioning for take-off?
11. Why are the bleeds on?
12. Who interrupts the checklist?
13. What does the man give to the captain?
14. How many passengers are going to fly to Cork?
15. Which data does the captain dictate to the co-pilot?
16. Why would they like to use flexible or reduced take-off thrust?
17. What is the assumed temperature for the reduced thrust?
18. Which runway are they going to take off from?
19. What do the terms V1, Vr, and V2 mean?
10. What are the exact figures concerning these terms?
Exercise 3.2.3 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. The captain is reading Before Start Checklist and the co-pilot responds.
2. The crew are going to set the IRS.
3. The cockpit and external check is completed.
4. All the lights are also checked.
5. The oxygen supply is not complete.
6. The yaw damper is on.
7. The fuel pumps are on and there are more than 5 tonnes of fuel on board.
8. The fuel cross-feed is closed.
9. The galley power is still off but the standby power is already checked.
10. The emergency exit lights are armed.
11. They don’t need any window heat yet.
12. The state of the hydraulics is normal.
13. The air conditioning packs are already on.
14. The ramp agent gives the captain the load sheet and promises to bring him the freight documents.
15. Almost all the passengers are on board the aircraft.
16. One passenger is missing and the departure is going to be delayed.
17. The Weight of the aircraft without the fuel is 49.2 tonnes.
18. The take-off weight is 43.7 tonnes.
19. The landing weight is 44.2 tonnes.
20. There are going to be 70 passengers on board.
21. The crew can use reduced thrust this time.
22. They can use a 50° assumed temperature for reduced thrust off RW 25.
23. Their decision speed is going to be 122 knots, the rotate speed for take-off 123 knots, and take-off safety speed 130 knots.
Exercise 3.2.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Инерциальная навигационная система; перепроверено; установлено; внешний; испытание светосигнализации; система двусторонней связи внутри самолета; демпфер рыскания; кольцевание топливных баков; кухня; электропитание; резервное электропитание; освещение аварийного выхода; активировано; обогрев иллюминаторов; герметизация; установка кондиционирования воздуха; клапан отбора воздуха; загрузочная ведомость; груз; приостановить проверку; цифры; процент средней аэродинамической хорды; суммарный; уменьшенная взлетная тяга; уменьшенная тяга двигателей; допускаемый; балансировка; масса воздушного судна без топлива; взлетная масса воздушного судна; посадочная масса воздушного судна.
Exercise 3.2.5 Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Air Conditioning | a. less than the maximum thrust available for takeoff, to reduce environmental noise, wear and tear on the engines |
| 2. Standby Power | b. a device which automatically moves the rudder to counteract yaw |
| 3. Armed | c. a valve which allows fuel to be equally distributed between wing tanks and engines in flight |
| 4. Decision Speed V1 | d. lighting systems on board the aircraft available in the event of a total electrical failure or other emergency which give guidance towards the exits of the aircraft |
| 5. Takeoff Weight | e. an action when another pilot has independently confirmed that system switches are correctly selected as required |
| 6. Rotate SpeedVr | f. the actual or estimated weight of the aircraft, fuel, passengers, baggage and cargo at the time of landing |
| 7. Cross-feed | g. valves which allow high pressure air to be extracted from the engines for the pressurization and air conditioning systems |
| 8. Zero Fuel Weight | h. the speed before which an engine failure or other serious failure must have been recognized and the decision taken to either stop or continue the takeoff |
| 9. Emergency exit lights | i. the weight of the aircraft and all its contents as it gets airborne |
| 10. Flexible takeoff thrust | j. a state when a system is ready to be activated automatically under certain circumstances |
| 11. Takeoff Safety Speed V2 | k. the actual weight of the aircraft ready for flight, with payload but without fuel |
| 12. Cross-check | l. an aircraft system which controls the volume and temperature of fresh air inside the cabin |
| 13. Landing weight | m. the aircraft's emergency electrical power system, usually supplied from the aircraft battery |
| 14. Yaw damper | n. the target speed an aircraft must have attained on initial climb out to ensure approved aircraft performance |
| 15. Bleeds | o. the speed at which the pilot starts the rotate manoeuvre during takeoff to fly the aircraft off the ground |
Exercise 3.2.6 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
| ZFW TOW LW TOMac IRS |
Section 3.3 Before-Start Check (Part 2)
Exercise 3.3.1 Read and translate the text.
Co-Pilot: MCP and autopilots.
Captain: Set and disengaged.
Co-Pilot: EFIS and flight instruments.
Captain: We have 45 kts. twice; wings are level; heading 145° checks on the Standby Compass, 1022 gives me 240 feet, no flags. Set and cross checked.
Co-Pilot: Anti-skid.
Captain: On.
Co-Pilot: Auto brake.
Captain: RTO.
Co-Pilot: Speed brake.
Captain: Down detent.
Co-Pilot: Configuration warning.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Parking brake.
Captain: Set.
Co-Pilot: Stab trim cut-out switches.
Captain: Normal.
Co-Pilot: Wheel-well fire warning.
Captain: Checked.
Co-Pilot: Radios.
Captain: Auto my side, manual yours. Set.
Co-Pilot: Radar.
Captain: Checked and off.
Co-Pilot: Transponder.
Captain: No. 1 selected and auto.
Co-Pilot: Rudder and Aileron trim.
Captain: Free and zero.
Co-Pilot: ADFs.
Captain: Checked and set. KLY on No.1. OP on No.2.
Co-Pilot: Tech log.
Captain: Checked and signed.
Co-Pilot: Load sheet.