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Using Gerunds and Infinitives
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The Gerund is a non-finite form of the verb which has properties of the Verb and Noun.
| Forms of the Gerund | Active Voice | Passive Voice | |||
| Indefinite | declaring | being declared | |||
| Perfect | having declared | having been declared | |||
| THE INDEFINITE GERUND is used to express an action: | |||||
| rules | examples | ||||
| 1. | simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb | He researchedthe Government’s policy without paying attention to the new trends in Europe. | |||
| 2. | having no reference to any particular time | Levying taxes means imposing duties or financial charges on a person or any other legal body by the state. | |||
| 3. | future action with regard to that denoted by the finite verb after the words: to intend, to suggest, to insist | He suggested preparing presentation about Westernazation. | |||
| 4. | preceding the action expressed by the finite verb after the words: to thank, to forget, to remember, to excuse, to apologise | Thank you for preparing report about multiculturalism in time. | |||
| THE PERFECT GERUND is used to express an action: | |||||
| rules | examples | ||||
| 1. | preceding the action expressed by the finite verb | Thank you forhaving analyzed the peculiarities of globalization. | |||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GERUND | |||||
| THE VERB characteristics | THE NOUN characteristics | ||||
| the Gerund of transitive verbs takes a direct Object | the Gerund can be used in the sentence as a Subject, Predicative and Object | ||||
| the Gerund can be modified by an Adverb | the Gerund can be preceded by a Preposition which refers to it | ||||
| the Gerund has Perfect and Non-Perfect forms and is used in the Active and Passive Voices | the Gerund can be modified by a Possessive Pronoun and by a Noun in the Possessive Case | ||||
The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the Verb, which names an action. There are six forms of the Infinitive in English.
| Forms of the Infinitive | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Indefinite | to declare to meet | to be declared to be met |
| Continuous | to be declaring to be meeting | – |
| Perfect | to have declared to have met | to have been declared to have been met |
| Perfect-Continuous | to have been declaring to have been meeting | – |
| The Indefinite Infinitive is used: | |||
| rules | examples | ||
| 1. | to name the action that is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite Verb | I was glad to maximise the potential, performance and the results of each government member. | |
| 2. | to name the future action with regard to the action, denoted by the finite Verb (intention, hope) | He decided to motivate volunteers. | |
| 3. | to express a future action with Modal Verbs | You may come for interview tomorrow at 10 o’clock. | |
| The Continuous Infinitive is used: | |||
| rules | examples | ||
| 1. | to name the action in its progress simultaneous with that of the finite Verb | They seemed to be discussing the new international trends. | |
| The Perfect Infinitive is used: | |||
| rules | examples | ||
| 1. | to name the action prior to that of the finite Verb | I was pleased to have set an example for foreign representatives. | |
| 2. | to show that the action was not performed, after the Verbs should, ought, could, mightin the affirmative form, was/werein the modal meaning and to expect, to hope, to intendin the past tense | He should have learnt the fundamentals of multiculturalism. We ought to have encouraged our partners from European countries. They could have obtained feedback the minute they came in. The board of directors might have provided a reward for everybody. Our specialists were to have prepared reports about international relations. I intended to have defined human resource policy and communicated it to the government. | |
| The Perfect-Continuous Infinitive is used: | |||
| rules | examples | ||
| 1. | to name the action that lasted during a certain period of time before the action of the finite Verb | I am happy to have been working in this country for 10 years. | |
| In the sentence the Infinitive/Infinitive group is used as: | |||
| a Subject | To be a leader does not mean just to have the authority of management or supervisory position. It was hard to influenceothers. | ||
| a Predicate | The goal of the future training is to develop leadership skills of team members. | ||
| a part of the compound verbal Predicate | You should have directed and influencedothers to achieve common goals. She began to study and analyze terrorizm. | ||
| an object to Verbs and Adjectives | They asked me to define the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out. | ||
| an Attribute | Many people feel the need to be encouraged and developed. | ||
| an adverbial modifier of purpose or result | I decided to meet with you to have an honest understanding of what we can do. | ||
NOTE: We can use some words with both infinitives and gerunds, but with a difference in meaning:
I remember him telling me the story. (I remember that he told me the story).
He remembered to check the lists. (He did not forget to do it).
They stopped discussing the issue. (They did not discuss it any more).
We stopped to study the announcement. (They stopped in order to study the announcement).