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The FunctionS of Verb Tenses
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All grammar tenses are explained with the help of tables in which the following symbols are used:
| Symbol | Meaning |
| + | Affirmative sentence |
| ? | Interrogative sentence |
| – | Negative sentence |
| S | Subject |
| P | Predicate |
| À | Adverbial modifier of time |
| ♣ | Adverbial modifier of place or Object |
Present Simple Tense
| + S P3s ♣ À ? do/does S P ♣ À? – S do/does not P ♣ À |
| Present Simple Tense is used: | ||
| rules | examples | |
| 1. | to express a regular or constant action in the present | The meeting starts at 3 o’clock as usual. |
| 2. | to express an action permanently characterising the subject in the present | People fight wars to gain power. |
| 3. | to express an action or state which does not refer to any particular time | The IGOs work together to maintain international cooperation. |
| 4. | to express an action going on at the time of speaking with the verbs which are not used in continuous (to know, to feel, to hate, to love, to understand, to like, to hope, to forget, to belong, to remain, to imagine, to concern, to involve, to require, to remember, to consist of, to depend on, to prefer, to mean, to equal, to own, to contain, to owe, to suppose, to cost, to possess) | I see they understand what I am talking about. |
| 5. | to express a chain of actions in the past for describing them as if they were taking place before the listener’s eyes | So, one day he comes, analyzes everything and begins to plan our work. |
Time phrases used with the tense: always, usually, often, sometimes etc.
| to be | to have | other verbs | ||
| I | am | have | correct/declare | |
| you | are | have | correct/declare | |
| he, she, it | is | has | corrects/declares | |
| we | are | have | correct/declare | |
| you | are | have | correct/declare | |
| they | are | have | correct/declare | |
| The adverbs used with Present Simple and % of frequency they show | ||||
| 100 % | always | |||
| 90 % | usually/normally | |||
| 75 % | often/frequently | |||
| 50 % | sometimes/occasionally | |||
| 25 % | rarely/seldom | |||
| 10 % | hardly ever | |||
| 0 % | never | |||
Present Continuous Tense
| + S am/is/are Ping ___ ♣ _____ À ? am/is/are S Ping ♣ _____ À? – S am/is/are not Ping ♣ À | ||
| Present Continuous Tense is used: | ||
| rules | examples | |
| 1. | to express a started but not yet finished action | The international community is dealing with this problem at the time. |
| 2. | to express a continuous action going on at the same time with another action referring to the present time | What is he doing if he is not preparing for conference? |
| 3. | to express a planned and arranged future action | They are signing the treaty tomorrow. |
Time phrases used with the tense: now, right now, this week/minute etc.