Научная статья и тезисы

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выпишите и выучите не­знакомые слова.

How to Write Research Papers?

In many ways a research paper is an effort to answer a question or a series of questions. From this the researcher forms a main idea (that is, a thesis) on which to base the writing of the paper. So a research paper is a form of writing based upon a thesis supported by facts, figures, statistics, and other writers' carefully documented ideas. The purpose of a research paper is to analyze and interpret information while making valid conclusions based upon the research.

Remember that to write a research paper you must:

1. Rely on more than your own personal opinions and experiences.

2. Choose a topic and explore it:

• Narrow down the topic.

• Formulate a research focus.

• Gather data.

• Write a thesis statement.

3. Make an argument:

• Select the supporting details, facts, and statistics.

• Prepare a working outline.

4. Bring a conclusion:

• Bring together the main ideas of the paper.

• Repeat the thesis on the paper.

5. Write your notes, records, and plans in English.

6. Always ask your instructor for make sure of the direction of your paper before proceeding with the research.

Once you have collected and analyzed the information you need you can begin to determine your article design. When writing a research paper you must communicate your own ideas, but you must also include other writers' and speakers' ideas. In addition, you will need to refer to facts, figures, statistics, and other information from other sources. Therefore, it is your responsibility to document your writing by making clear which ideas are your own and which ideas belong to others. All of this must follow special rules for documenting sources that are not your own opinion by making references.

Another concern is how to illustrate your writing. Most people are familiar with tables, charts, and graphs — they are a common staple of

60

business reports, newspapers, and even television news. But few people understand why particular data are shown using particular kinds of tables, charts, or graphs. In determining when to use words and when to use tables and other illustrations, keep the following criteria in mind as you are developing a draft. Tables, charts, and graphs are better than words when:

• You have complex numerical or statistical data to convey;

• You are describing something that requires the reader to form a mental image in order to understand it;

• You want to present information in a form the reader will be able to recall easily.

Abstracts (an article) are far more than a one- or two-page piece of writing on a particular subject written for publication in scientific journals. They are also considered as a way to answer a particular question but only one in contradistinction to the research paper. Abstracts should contain at least an introduction to the matter, its brief description, and sometimes probable benefits for the interested party. As a rule, they lack illustrations and references.

II. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the purpose of a research paper?

2. How should you document the ideas of other writers?

3. How should you communicate your own ideas?

4. Is it necessary to explain and clarify information?

5. How is the main idea of your writing called?

6. When do you use illustrations instead of words?

Комментарий

111. Запомните эти слова и составьте с ними предложения.

IV. Запомните толкование этих слов на английском языке.

Практика

V. Приведите в соответствие термины и их перевод.

VI. Приведите в соответствие термины из левой колонки с их толкованием из правой колонки.

1. You ought to cite all the references you have read.

2. The reliability of sources is not important.

3. You must rely on more than one person's opinion.

4. You can write a research paper for an evening.

5. You must often show your outlines to your instructor.

6. A research paper is an effort to answer a question or a series of questions.

7. You may not bring any conclusions.

VIII. Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его сино нимом из правой колонки.

1. Some older work will be quoted because it had not been adequately reviewed elsewhere. 2. One more point may perhaps be mentioned in

60

detail. 3. The interpretation was at first accepted by several workers, but was lately generally opposed. 4. A general agreement has been arrived at concerning the subject. 5. There are certain to be exceptions to every rule we try to lay down. 6. A series of experiments was considered to be necessary. 7. The results of the investigation are likely to be discussed by our coworkers. 8. To determine this figure is not as easy as it seems.

9. The principle followed by this scientist has received wide attention.

10. The facts led us to assume that the consumers behave in a special way. 11. The time required for function to return to normal varied greatly. 12. The evidence for this view has been criticized by a number of investigators. 13. To expect a complete agreement in the results obtained may seem to be quite hopeless. 14. The scheme insisted upon proved to be satisfactory. 15. The fact dealt with in this chapter is treated more explicitly than some years ago. 16. Reference has been made only to the recently published works. 17. The principle followed by this scientist has received wide attention. 18. This theory through very suggestive was opposed by Smith. 19. Many earlier data cannot be regarded as being precise. 20. Discussing the models is beyond the scope of the present paper. 21. The economists kept looking for a compromise solution. 22. We wish this fact was verified by other investigators. 23. However complicated this type of calculation should be, we are going to use it extensively. 24. One should come to a certain conclusion on this point. 25. Particularly important in this connection are the irregularities likely to develop during this process.

X. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. При написании научной статьи Вы должны полагаться не только на собственный опыт и знания. 2. Научная статья все­гда имеет список использованной литературы. 3. Прежде всего необходимо четко определить тему работы. 4. Используйте толь­ко солидные источники ижрормации. 5. В процессе работы Вы вы­рабатываете свое мнение о предмете. 6. Подтверждайте свои выво­ды фактами, цифрами и статистической информацией. 7. Подго­товьте рабочий набросок Вашей статьи и покажите его преподавателю. 8. Информируйте преподавателя время от вре­мени о ходе Вашей работы над статьей. 9. Делайте свои выво­ды на основе фактов. 10. Не забывайте процитировать других авторов. 11. Из текста статьи должно быть понятно, какие вы­воды являются Вашими собственными, а какие принадлежат другим людям.

Тест

XI. Из четырех предложенных вариантов выберите единствен­но правильный.

1. Could you please tell me where...?

A. the drugstore is

B. the drugstore

C. the drugstore was

D. is the drugstore

2. Accustomed to getting up early,...

A. the new schedule was not difficult for him to adjust to

B. the new schedule suited him

C. he had no difficulty adjusting to the new schedule

D. he was not difficult to adjust to the new schedule

3. The... is not legal unless everyone signs his name.

A. agree

B. agreeing

C. agreed

D. agreement

4. Mary worked... John did.

A. as hard as

B. so hard as

C. as hardly as

D. so hardly as

5. The doctor suggested that he....

A. not smoke

B. doesn't smoke

C. didn't smoke

D. don't smoke

6. It is essential... all applications no later than July 1.

A. file

B. to file

C. filing

D. to filing

7. If John... to the questions carefully, he will answer them easily.

A. listened

B. will listen

C. would listen

D. listens

60

9.

The blue whale is... known animal.

A. the large

B. the larger

C. the largest

D. most largest

If services are increased, taxes...

A. will probably go up

B. probably go up

C. probably went up

D. would probably go up

10____history of this area is interesting.

A. ___

B. the

C. a

D. an

1 l.We are to read ____ paragraph in the textbook.

A. the six

B. the sixth

C. six

D. sixth

12. Unemployment is increasing at an.___ rate.

A. alarmed

B. alarm

C. alarming

D. alarming of

13. It was... that he couldn't put it down.

A. so interesting book

B. such an interesting book

C. such interesting book

D. so interesting the book

14.The mail comes every day... Sunday.

A. except

B. except to

C. excepting

D. not

15. May I have rice... potatoes?

A. instead

B. instead of

C. but

D. without

16.... is not a new idea.

A. To planning cities

B. Cities to plan them

C. Plan cities

D. The planning of cities

17. In conform /Yy with our rules and regulations, I am calling a meeting of our organization.

A. ambition

B. agreement

C. confinement

D. pride

18. Alan kept al the receipts from his business trip in order to document his expenses for the firm.

A. withdraw

B. control

C. provide evidence

D. start

19.He called our attention to the things that had been done in an analogous situation and recommended that we do the same.

A. comparable

B. congenial

C. capable

D. culpable

20. Mary could cite passages in the Bible from memory.

A. visualize

B. locate

C. signal

D. quote.

Дополнительные тексты/ диалоги

XII. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выпишите и выучите незнакомые слова.

The Formal Outline

A formal outline is a special format in which you display the details of your plan for writing your research paper. It is begun with a statement of your thesis. Then one continues with an introduction, the main divisions and subdivisions of the presentation (the body of the paper), and finally the paper's conclusion.

166

A formal outline follows special rules:

• Divisions and subdivisions are indicated through use of Roman numerals, alphabet, and Arabic numerals.

• There is never an A without a B; there is never a 1 without a 2; there is never an a) without a b).

• Topic outlines do not require complete sentences.

• Sentence outlines are prepared with complete sentences.

• The two are never mixed.

• Writing must be parallel.

Example of Topic Outline

(Title)

NAFTA: IMPACTS ON CANADA, MEXICO, AND THE U.S. (Thesis Statement)

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has not proven a positive step toward economic stability for the countries involved.

(Introduction)

I. Effects of NAFTA:

A. Effects on Canada;

B. Effects on Mexico;

C. Effects on the United States.

(Body)

II. Gains and losses for North American workers:

A. Gains and losses for Canada:

1. Decline of sales to U.S. markets;

2. Increased pollution;

3. Continued recession worsened by NAFTA.

B. Gains and losses for Mexico:

1. Relocation of U.S. industry to Mexican sites;

2. Pollution problems caused by new industry;

3. Decline of tourism.

C. Gains and losses for the United States:

1. Growth of high-tech jobs in U.S.;

2. Increased exports to Mexico;

3. Loss of industries to Mexico.

(Conclusion)

Ш. Mexico, Canada, and the United States report that NAFTA has not lived up to its early expectations.