Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. 1. The International Court of Justice is expected to play an increas­ ingly important role in facilitating the peaceful settlement of international legal

1. The International Court of Justice is expected to play an increas­
ingly important role in facilitating the peaceful settlement of international
legal disputes.

2. German nuclear plant operators will be expected to use the time to
work out deals to cancel contracts worth millions with reprocessing cen­
ters in France and Britain.

«Имя» употреблено здесь в грамматическом значении, т.е имя существи­тельное, местоимение или субстантивированное прилагательное.

3. The discussion is expected to focus on four broad subjects: raw
materials and world trade, food supplies and agriculture, prospection,
production and consumption of energy, and international financial and
monetary problems.

4. Apart from trade, the US President will focus on restructuring the
US Social Security system. He is likely to enunciate principle to guide re­
forms, but not offer a specific plan. At the same time, he is expected to
propose using part of the budget surplus to start small, individually con­
trolled savings accounts to which both workers and government would
make contributions.

5. The U.S.Federal Reserve Chairman noted that the pace of economic
growth in the U.S. is «widely expected to moderate» this year, which the
Fed would welcome.

6. While offering no proposal of its own on how to salvage the current
arms-inspection system carried by the UN Special Commission in Iraq,
the American delegation is expected to oppose monitoring methods that
do not allow surprise inspections.

7. The Home Secretary is expected to make a statement next week on
the validity of the practice of allowing outside observers, photographers,
and television cameramen to be present at the counting of the votes at a
parliamentary election.

8. Treasury sources yesterday confirmed that the next 10-year deal
over the monarchy's government funding was expected to be significantly
lower than the current annual increase, agreed under the last Conservative
government.

9. Domestically, the debt-ridden and poorly managed state-sector of
China is expected to continue to drag down the consumption.

10. «...no government has ever backed demands for greater efficiency
with any sort of clear statement of what exactly the police service is sup­
posed to achieve», a police official stated yesterday.

11. Roads have been built, and by next year every village in Egypt
(though not every hamlet) is supposed to have electricity laid on.

12. Foreign secretaries can be useful of course. They are supposed to
manage public opinion. They have to keep the House of Commons on
side.

13. The US trade representative is said to have reported, in detail, on
the latest developments to the EU trade commissioner who plans to visit
Beijing for talks on its WTO application next month.

14. True, the euro-group is likely to grow relatively strongly next year.
But European financial markets have already been badly buffeted.

15. The US parliamentary revolt against the European Commission
was unlikely to get the two-thirds vote needed to succeed.

16. The cutback in housing programmes has been so sharp that the
national campaign for the homeless reports that in the next two years no
families are likely to be rehoused from the waiting list at all.

17. The Turkish economy, which had been growing at an average rate
above 6 percent for the past four years, slowed and is likely to expand by
only 2 percent this year.

18. Combine ethnic tensions on the fringes of the Chinese empire with
regional tensions along the coast and you have good reason to believe that
China is more likely to disintegrate than is commonly believed.

19. The report says that it appears that the building industry is unlikely
to be reformed from within and that some form of compulsion will be
necessary if reasonable standards of construction and finish are to be se­
cured and jerry-building discouraged.

20. No one will refuse to pay less tax, but if they think that by this
means they will bribe the electors to vote for them in large numbers, they
are likely to be disappointed

21. The euro is likely to join the dollar as a reserve currency held by
central banks around the world, perhaps leading some banks to sell dol­
lars and thereby reduce the value of the American currency.

22. The present fine spell is likely to be brief, predicted the meteoro­
logical office last night in its long-range weather forecast.

23. Decontrol alone does not constitute an adequate oil policy. It is not
likely to protect the economy against temporary shortages. Nor will it sig­
nificantly reduce dependence on foreign oil imports in the long term.

24. Petty nations and their petty national demands are thought to be
pointless at best; divisive and self-destructive at worst.

25. The epitome of Tory sleaze was Neil Hamilton, a backbench MP
who was alleged to have taken a few thousand pounds to ask some ques­
tions in parliament.

26. Another intricate problem likely to be reintroduced with the help
of a subtle change of name is the problem of medium range ballistic mis­
siles.

27. The three parties likely to take part in a coalition are the Republi­
can People's Party, the Justice Party, and the New Turkey Party.

28. The Minister of Economic Affairs referred today to the statement
reported to have been made by the Foreign Secretary on Friday.

29. About 60 people were yesterday reported to have been arrested on
subversion charges.

30. The remark, reported to have been made after the announcement
of his appointment to London, was widely commented on in the press.

31. The strike, called by the region's main political parties and labor
unions, appeared to be one of the largest yet in the troubled provinces.

32. While party leaders still say they support the goals of the program,
and promise that it will receive expeditious consideration on Capitol Hill,
Democratic anger at many of the proposals appears to be mounting daily.

33. Turnout at the nation's 50.000 polling stations appeared to be
heavy

34. The Bank of England appeared to back off from threats of even
more interest rate increases as the slowdown in the economy intensifies.

35. An official investigating the bribery allegations said payments
made by local Olympic officials to members of the IOC appeared to have
come from the privately funded budget.

36. Just a few years ago, Aum's organization appeared to be wiped
out After the cult masterminded a nerve gas attack that killed 12 people
in Tokyo's subway, the Japanese authorities arrested 428 of its members.

37. Win or lose, the EU Commission appeared likely to emerge weak­
ened from its battle with the Parliament over charges of graft, cronyism
and mismanagement of EU's 85 billion euro ($ 739 billion) budget.

38. Politics is a rough old trade, as Michael Howard, the former home
secretary is finding out. A leading contender for the Tory leadership until
this week, his campaign now appears to have been fatally damaged by
the claim of one of his junior ministers at the Home Office that he misled
the Commons.

39. Hydrocarbons (oil) and political volatility seem to go together.

40. Disenchantment with the President appears to be growing The
political scene has been transformed in the past two months to the point
where people are openly talking of the possibility: (1) that the President
will not seek re-election; and (2) that he might be beaten if he runs.

41. Europe seems to be slowing down faster than most people ex­
pected.

42. The most laudable aim of the Maastricht treaty was to knock the
Union's machinery into shape to cope with the club's expected new
members from Eastern Europe. Yet on most counts the treaty seems likely
to prove disappointing.

43. A group of experts seemed to have solved a dispute about putting
workers on boards that has for 25 years blocked a proposed European
company statute.

44. Spanish authorities have confiscated copies of last month's edition
of «Working Youth». No reason for the action was given, but it was be-

lieved to have resulted from an article discussing sackings in a Madrid motor factory.

45. France had what was believed to be its coldest Christmas for 83
years, and in the Jura Mountains the temperature dropped to minus 28
degrees Centigrade.

46. In Zurich there was a scramble to buy marks and the Federal Bank
in Bonn was believed to have bought up to 500 million dollars to prevent
the mark going through its official «dollar ceiling».

47. The meeting, which lasted just over half an hour, is understood to
have taken place at the Prime Minister's request.

48. A Tory MP threatens to name a high-ranking diplomat mentioned
as a «senior civil servant» in the trial which ended last week. He is un­
derstood to have held top posts in defence and at one time served in Berlin.

49. Japan's prime minister, is said to have taken bribes in return for
favours to Nomura, Japan's biggest securities firm.

50. U.S. officials were said to consider that uncertainty was bound to
continue unless some drastic measures were taken.

51. Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan, may be said to have been the
birthplace of the first properly organized attempt at a general system of
academic instruction in Japan.

52. In matters of sleaze and waste, the EU parliament is commonly
said to possess within its own ranks a concentration of practical expertise
rivalling any on earth.

53. The Secretary of State was said to have demanded written ground
rules laying out foreign policy authority in the administration.

54. The meeting which was said to have lasted several hours on
Thursday night, was confirmed Saturday. However, little more than the
fact that it had taken place was revealed in the apparently coordinated
statements provided by foreign policy spokesmen in the three countries
involved.

55. Turkey's rulers were said to fear that expulsion from the Council
of Europe might make it more difficult to obtain necessary economic
credits and aid.

56. The Titan 4A rocket was said to be carrying an eavesdropping
satellite that would have listened in on military and government commu­
nications over the Middle East, India, Pakistan and China.

57. There are said to be indications that unless «new information» is
obtained, the proof is unlikely to uncover sufficient evidence for legal ac­
tion.

58. The police arrested a man who is stated to have been trying to sell
the miniature and is said to have confessed to having stolen it. He is

stated to have kept it for more than two years in the hope that the theft would be forgotten.

59. His detention without trial is claimed to have been a violation of
the European Convention of Human Rights.

60. The experts were felt to have little hope of reducing the differ­
ences even if an attempt were made to bring the two parties together.

61. Mexico's worst mine disaster, which is feared to have killed 177
men, claimed another victim today when a distraught relative of a trapped
miner ran into the gas-filled pit.

62. The warnings are now shown to have been fully justified thou­
sands of workers will get the sack.

63. When the Bill reaches Tory peers next week they will either reject
it or amend it in a manner certain to be unacceptable to the Government.

64. The German Chancellor is known to feel that Germany has main­
tained a high level of security spending while many smaller European
governments are cutting back their security contributions.

65. The shadow cabinet, most of it strongly opposed to the Brighton
decisions, is certain to be granted full weight for its views, and back­
benchers will be invited to serve on the sub-committees of the inquiry
dealing with the various fields it is investigating.

66. Previously, scholars had believed that the forbidding interior of
Chukotka was uninhabited in those ancient times. Chukotka, the area di­
rectly across the Bering Strait from Alaska, was found to have a number
of sites in its interior which were excavated by the Russian archaeolo­
gists.

They found a wealth of different types of stone tools and weapons at the sites, including arrowheads, knives and scrapers.

67. It was unbearable to hear this man speak of friendship with Britain
as if nothing of importance had happened.

68. About 1 million farmers flooded the capital to hear the prime
minister caution them against pressing for more government aid at the
expense of the rest of the country.

69. Some Western officials expected the toughest negotiations on dis­
tribution of powers to be left until the very end of the talks.

70. The Premier said he expected other delegations to support the
draft resolution before it was debated and voted upon in the General As­
sembly.

71. The analysts expect the next government in Turkey to continue
policy reforms and drive down real interest rates.

72. The rapidity with which people are arming themselves with tear
gas worries a number of law enforcement officials. Some officials say

thajt they expect the disabling spray to be used increasingly by criminals bent on robbery, rape or assault.

73. At the opening, OPEC's public information director told the jour­
nalists: «We don't want to manipulate you, but we need you, the media,
to help us get our message across to the man in the street.»

74. A private fund-raising group headed by close friends of the new
President may disband following a published report that it used «strong-
arm tactics» to get corporations to contribute $50, 000 each for a televised
gala featuring the President.

75. The crisis is hitting Western Europe several months later than the
United States. This will react on the U.S. economy. It will tend to cause
the crisis and depression to go deeper and last longer than most econo­
mists expect.

76. The United Nations General Assembly, defeating all Western op­
position, declared the use of nuclear weapons to be a direct violation of
the U.N. Charter.

77. The Spanish prime minister wants Spain to throw off the sense of
inferiority caused by its past century's history, and not least by the Franco
period.

78. The President now says he wants negotiations on trade to open
markets in once off-limits areas including services, manufacturing and
farming.

79. The prime minister says that he wants Britain to emerge from the
fringes and play a leading role in the European Union.

80. It seems that the Right Wing in the Labour and trade union move­
ment is not prepared to consider anyone who disagrees with them a hu­
man being

81. In a document released today a Harvard University Professor dis­
closes that studies he made in one medium-sized U.S. city showed may­
ors, police chiefs and other officials to have been on a gambling syndi­
cate's payroll for many years.

82. An association of lawyers says that many owners prefer their own
property rather than nearby land to be swallowed by a motorway.

83. Polls repeatedly show that many Britons believe the EU to be re­
mote and democratically unaccountable.

84. Time and again the Prime Minister has assured them that the Gov­
ernment doesn't want to hinder the making of profits. He has done his
damnedest to get the trade unions to agree to wage restraint, which
would put still more profits into the pockets of the employers.

85. The Prime Minister has decided to get the Cabinet to make an ear­
lier than expected decision on the budget.

86. Public opinion compelled the Government to get the German
leaders to arrive at a settlement.

87. The issue is how to make the institutions of democracy work prop­
erly, not whether they should exist. Trade barriers are being pulled down,
internal markets freed, state industries and services privatized.

88. The report calls for the monarchy in the UK to become profes­
sional and accountable.

89. Classification of political systems allows for qualitative judge­
ments to be made in relation to political structures and governmental
forms.

90. A National Security Council official said last week that «the
NATO theologians are codifying fresh visions for their favorite organiza­
tion, and the spin doctors see colossal opportunities for the president to
bestride TV screens».

91. «Whilst we read the report with interest, any issues of constitu­
tional reform would be a matter for Parliament to decide»

92. The United States and Britain on Friday set a month-long deadline
for Libya to surrender two suspects wanted for the 1988 Lockerbie
bombing.

93. For the reform forces to pull off a. majority on council, all their in­
cumbents will have to hang onto their seats.

94. Mr Tao says it would be «technically feasable» for the Hong
Kong government to declare overnight that all Hong Kong dollars held in
banks and in circulation would be converted into US dollars.

95. To say that the wages fight is not the only issue, or that higher pay
will not on its own solve the crisis, only emphasizes the need for unions
like the engineers' to get stuck into the all-round fight for the alternative
strategy now developed within the movement.

96. The President was closeted in the White House today preparing
his so called «Economic Renewal» package, as pressure from unem­
ployed millions across the nation continues to build for federal action to
provide jobs

97. Chips are harder for hackers to modify than software.

98. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concen­
trated in the hands of a priviliged minority.

99. In Japan, the ultimate way for a student to repay his teacher is to
beat him at his own game. And having learned so well from the West, it is
flattering to the Japanese to be told that the West may now have some­
thing to learn from them.

100. For Europe to drive forward it needs leadership.

101. For Egypt to get anywhere near its growth target, it will have to
persuade Egyptians to save and foreigners to invest.

102. The rise of homeless emphasizes the desperate need for the Gov­
ernment to fulfil its pledge to meet the problem with a lower rate of inter­
est for housing.

103. Although the Minister of Health yesterday did not accept the
conditions described as typical, the revelations made it hard for reassur­
ing phrases like «best in the world» and «tremendous step forward» to
avoid having a slightly hollow ring.

104. In these circumstances the party leaders had no plan for the
Prime Minister to make a unity appeal when he attends today's party
meeting.

105. An Atomic Energy Authority spokesman said it was not unusual
for one or two reactors to be shut down at weekends under normal condi­
tions. But in view of possible staff shortages it had been decided to close
down three.

106. And having made this guess, he thought it completely in order for
an MP to announce it, as if it were a hard fact provided by a government
official.

107. There is too much slackness in many key industries. Too many
employers complain of short order books and too many firms give notice
of redundancy for there to be any complacency among trade unionists.

108. A first group of more than 50 immigrants was freed from deten­
tion centres in Sicily yesterday, hundreds more to follow in the next few days.

§ 2. ГЕРУНДИИ I. Герундий в различных функциях

1. Герундий в функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется в сочетании с предлогом. Он может выступать в функции следующих обстоятельств:

1) времени, после предлогов on (upon), after, before, in. После предлогов before и in герундий переводится обычно на русский язык придаточным предложением; после on (upon) и after — дееприча­стием прошедшего времени.

In trying to devise ways to improve the machinery of the United Nations the Foreign Secretary displayed real ingenuity. Когда ми­нистр иностранных дел пытался придумать новые способы

улучшения аппарата ООН, он проявил подлинную изобретатель­ность. (Пытаясь придумать...)

After making this statement the minister said he was not going to reconsider his decision. Сделав это заявление, министр сказал, что он не собирается пересматривать свое решение.

Но могут быть и другие варианты перевода герундия в функции обстоятельства времени в зависимости от сочетаемости слов в рус­ском языке, например сочетанием предлога с существительным: after (on) arriving по прибытии, after checking после проверки.

2) сопутствующего обстоятельства, после предлогов besides
кроме того что, instead of вместо того чтобы, apart from не гово­
ря уже, кроме, without без, без того чтобы В зависимости от пред­
лога герундий переводится обычно на русский язык инфинитивом
или придаточным предложением. С предлогом without герундий
переводится отрицательной формой деепричастия, сочетанием
предлога без с существительным или без того, чтобы с личной
формой глагола.

Besides being extremely unpopular this policy may lead to a complete failure of all their efforts. He говоря уже о том, что эта политика не пользуется популярностью, она может привести к тому, что все их усилия окажутся напрасными.

3) обстоятельства образа действия, с предлогами in, by, with­
out. После предлогов in и by герундий переводится или дееприча­
стием, или сочетанием предлогов путем, при помощи и т. п. с суще­
ствительным, или самостоятельным предложением; с предлогом
without — отрицательной формой деепричастия или существитель­
ным с предлогом без

It can be done by sending deputations to MPs. Это можно сде­лать, послав депутации к членам парламента.

Не admitted that he had made a mistake in not supporting this proposal earlier. Он признал, что допустил ошибку, не поддержав этого предложения раньше (тем, что не поддержал...).

4) обстоятельства условия, с составными предлогами in case of,
in the event of в случае если, subject to при условии, without. С пред­
логом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой дее-

причастия, сочетанием предлога без с существительным или слово­сочетанием без того чтобы и отрицательной формой инфинитива. В остальных случаях — обычно личной формой глагола или суще­ствительным.

They promised not to undertake any actions without consulting their partners Они обещали не предпринимать никаких действий, не проконсультировавшись (без консультации; без того чтобы не проконсультироваться) со своими партнерами

5) обстоятельства причины, с составными предлогами owing to из-за, вследствие, for fear of из опасения и др.; переводится личной формой глагола, существительным или деепричастием.

Не did not dare to make public announcements about this plan for fear of being criticized Он не осмелился открыто объявлять об этом плане из опасения, что его подвергнут критике (опасаясь, как бы его не подвергли...).

Примечание. В сочетании с предлогом without герундий может вы­ступать в функции обстоятельства условия, образа действия и сопутствую­щего обстоятельства. Функция его определяется контекстом предложения.

Their policy is based upon the conviction that they cannot possibly win without smashing by military force the resistance.of the nationalistic move­ment Их политика основывается на твердом убеждении, что они не смо­гут победить, не сломив (если они не сломят) военной силой сопротив­ления националистического движения (обстоятельство условия)

They can organize their work without being interfered with and controlled by big business. Они могут организовать свою работу без вмешательства и контроля со стороны крупного бизнеса (без того, чтобы крупный биз­нес вмешивался в нее и осуществлял над ней контроль) (обстоятельство образа действия)

On the opening day a new president was elected without anyone objecting В день открытия без каких-либо возражений (единогласно) был избран новый председатель (сопутствующее обстоятельство)

2. Герундий в функции определения обычно следует за пред­логом of и переводится инфинитивом или существительным.

Since he became Britain's Foreign Secretary, he has been insisting on the importance of negotiating on limited practical questions. С тех пор как он стал министром иностранных дел Англии, он все время на-

стаивает на необходимости ведения переговоров по ограниченному кругу практических вопросов.

Иногда герундий встречается в сочетании с предлогом for, часто с указанием на назначение предмета, что сближает его с обстоятель­ством цели.

At that time he intends to seek ways for improving cooperation with France. В это время он намеревается искать пути для улучшения (расширения, чтобы улучшить) сотрудничества с Францией.

3. В функции дополнения (предложного и беспредложного) к
существительному, прилагательному и глаголу. В функции пред­
ложного дополнения герундий сочетается с очень большим количе­
ством предлогов и, так же как и в функции беспредложного допол­
нения, в зависимости от его лексического значения и от сочетаемо­
сти слов в русском языке, переводится инфинитивом, существительным
или придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что...

They succeeded in removing all the obstacles. Им удалось устра­нить все препятствия.

This curious episode merits being inserted in a survey of the activities of the Security Council during that period. Этот любопыт­ный эпизод заслуживает того, чтобы его включили в обзор дея­тельности Совета Безопасности за этот период.

4. В функции подлежащего, предикативного члена и части
составного сказуемого. В этих функциях герундий, как правило,
переводится существительным или инфинитивом.

Solving Britain's economic difficulties, said the Prime Minister, is a question not so much of political doctrine as of practical judgement. Разрешение экономических трудностей Англии, сказал премьер-министр, это вопрос не столько политической доктрины, сколько практической целесообразности.

If the Minister wants to avert a dock strike he had better stop attacking the dockers and start twisting the arms of the mean and stubborn employers. Если министр хочет избежать забастовки до­керов, ему лучше прекратить нападки (наступление) на докеров и начать оказывать серьезный нажим на эгоистичных и упрямых предпринимателей.

Примечание. 1. Сочетание there is no с герундием в функции подле­жащего переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным предложением.

There is no denying that danger may be averted by this move. Нельзя от­рицать, что этим шагом можно избежать опасности.

2. После выражения far from герундий переводится следующим обра­
зом: не только не... (+ личная форма глагола), но...; вместо того чтобы
(+ инфинитив)...; отнюдь не (+ деепричастие)...

Far from averting this threat, this surrender will only bring about still tougher action later. Отнюдь не устраняя самой угрозы, эта капитуляция приведет в будущем к еще более жестким мерам.

Far from being a triumph, it was the most ignominious surrender in modern diplomacy. Это не только не было триумфом, но было самой по­зорной капитуляцией за всю историю современной дипломатии.

3. Простые формы герундия в различных функциях могут пере­
водиться на русский язык существительным с предлогом, инфини­
тивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением. Способ пе­
ревода зависит не столько от той или иной функции герундия,
сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в рус­
ском языке.

Пассивная и перфектная формы герундия переводятся почти все­гда придаточным предложением.

They made their decision after being told of the terms contained in a joint union-management statement. Они приняли решение после того, как им сообщили об условиях, содержащихся в совместном заявлении, подписанном профсоюзом и администрацией.