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Theme 8. Problems of understanding and mutual understanding in modern psychology.The problem of understanding in modern psychology.






The earliest definition of understanding is the definition given by hermeneutics (Gadamer, 1988; see also Grapes, Flores., 1996). on hermeneutics Experts considered in the context of understanding the process of interpretation of religious and then the ancient texts, and considered the basis for understanding the interpretation. But even in the most hermeneutic tradition of understanding determined by the authors in different ways. For Dilthey perceived understanding as the key to the knowledge of the history and inventory of social existence. He believed that such knowledge is possible only through empathy and co-understanding (see. Oduev, 1985). F. Schleiermacher believed that understanding is penetration into the frame of mind of the author, and the possibility and necessity of understanding provided by the similarities and differences of human personalities (see. Gabitova, 1985). It was he who initiated the transition from hermeneutics as the art of interpretation of biblical texts to the problem of language in general.

Who interpretation as one of the synonyms of understanding acquired a different meaning. The result of this understanding of the phenomena, interpreting them as part of the terminology and system of rules inherent in a particular scientific disciplines, it is the formulation of an adequate concept that describes the phenomenon under study (Marks, 1994).

The term " understanding" is closely related to such concepts as meaning, significance. And they, in turn, implies a certain relationship to the person, the subject of activity. Therefore, understanding so diverse in its manifestations, and always related to the goals and objectives of the actor.

Understanding how the interpretation. This approach to the analysis of the problem of understanding prevalent in the context of research on the methodology of science, in particular, the history of philosophy. Understanding the methodological sense, it is a procedure interpretation of the phenomenon under study, its interpretation through a system of rules of the scientific field. And the result of understanding of the phenomenon is considered to be finding the correct concepts to describe it.

Understand how the inclusion of new knowledge in the past experience of the subject. Such a conception of the understanding, primarily, typical for foreign cognitive approach, local researchers focused on it, the whole of modern kogitologii and theory of artificial intelligence (see, for example, Grapes, Flores, 1996;.Velichkovsky, 1983; Shenk, 1980; Schank, 1986). In general, the analysis of the cognitive aspects of understanding is widespread in modern psychology. The main focus of research is on establishing the relation between the structure of understanding of object - often the text - and the knowledge that are used to produce the subject of representations of the object and determine the nature of its interpretation. This approach involves issues related to the analysis of the organization structure of knowledge of the subject, which relate to the events of the text called macrostructures (van Dijk, Kinch, 1988). According to proponents of this approach, it is the nature of the organization structure of knowledge and the ability to handle them determine the understanding.

In the context of this same approach fit well become widely known work Brensforda and his co-authors (Velichkovsky, 1982), who believed that it is necessary for an understanding of not only the existence of knowledge, but their actualization in the process of understanding. Their research showed that preliminary information allowing schematically effectively organize the material is already in the perception of the text, greatly improved the success associated with understanding and reproducing it. However, the question of how the mainstreaming process is and why in relation to one and the same material in different subjects of various updated knowledge structure remains open (Gorbachev, 1994).

Semantic aspects of understanding. The term 'semantics' is used to denote the ratio of expression of the sign, as denoted by their situation, and its generalized reflection of man. Understanding is considered here as a result of interpretation of the relationship. Understanding statements occurs when the subject becomes clear what the situation is and how it is a situation the speaker.

Psychologists studying the semantic aspects of understanding, focuses on the problems of " semantic processing", ie the construction of understanding the semantic representation of the object understanding. We investigate in what form is subjective knowledge about the object in the mind.

Understanding - a necessary condition for dialogue. The peculiarity of the communicative approach is to analyze the specific activity of the subject, aimed at defining the objectives of the partner and rules used by the communication and the formation of relationships to this partner. Thus, if to summarize all of the above, it becomes obvious that " if the cognitive and semantic approach emphasizes conditioning Understanding the structure of objective reality. When linguistic... - the structure of the language, serving a generalized reflection of reality. Representatives of methodological and communicative approach is of paramount importance determination understanding of the processes involved in the formation of a dialogue between participants of communication and ensure consistency points of view on the object of understanding " (Marks, 1994, p. 20)

In addition, it should be noted also that so many directions, studying the problem of understanding confirms the complexity and diversity of the object of study, which is the guarantor of the promising developments in this area.

The approaches to the understanding of the issues as a whole, I would like to go back to the main topic of our research - understanding of texts. This area is definitely affected when considering this issue as part of any of the above areas. So, naturally it seems to study knowledge used when the subject text understanding - the influence of the subject in the process of understanding. But, on the other hand, understanding - always a dialogue with the author, mediated carrier material - text. And thus, we can speak about the possible impact of the text (how to implement the author's ability to express the desired meaning) comprehension. No one will argue that all texts are equally easy or difficult to understand. Each text has the originality and requires various efforts to break through to the meaning, to the fact that the author intended to convey. Therefore, interest in the study of the texts themselves, and various text features in relation to the problem of understanding does not weaken.

 

Subject 9. Psychological analysis of the characteristics of human labor in the control system. Psychological regularities of the engineering psychological organization of a labor activity. Psychological culture.

Also regularities were found: mental burnout affects primarily people enthusiastic, but with a weak internal " I" and a tendency to the appearance of guilt. In general, the destiny of each disease in society is defined by that who is her carrier. Most often it is elite or lumpens. Victims in the 1980th years didn't treat neither those, nor others. It were the experts working in the social sphere. Generally women.

Before us one more example of the fact that for fixing in the society of a certain image, its structure of feelings shall answer cultural codes of appropriate time. Burning out didn't fit into the culture of a maniacal entrepreneurship of the 1980th years which was imposing high requirements of flexibility and competence of employees. Started talking about it seriously, only when diseases of representatives of elite became frequent. But also that was required time to understand — the cause of illness is external and is covered in system of job management in society, but not in " deficiency" of the specific person.

Then, at last, there was a diagnosis which began to be put to the working people. For very short period in recent years of the 20th century (chronology here very compressed) the diagnosis even received a heroic shade. Not everyone got sick with mental burning out, and only the one who worked especially intensively. " It is almost like a contusion" — Fynn Skorderyud wrote. Those who weren't afraid to undertake work " in hot spots" suffered. Workers of the sphere of information technologies, mass media and advertizing were especially vulnerable. This disease didn't harm reputation of the man, and there was even a new type of a maskulinnost which if it is correct to present it, added to the man of weight" in the opinion of people around.

One of keywords of our days — " identity" — has been very closely connected with the concept " burning out": on the professional identity all victims belonged to the branches placing great demands on employees and giving them great opportunities for self-realization.

Their workplace — group of the adherents working wholeheartedly for achievement of a certain common goal; self-sacrifice is a regulation here, and there are no tough borders between work and free time. Work at full stretch purchased a romantic aura thanks to language which uses rhetoric from the world of adventures, sport and narcoculture: risk, team to make effort, finish (for example, the report), to hit the bull's eye, a high, the last breakthrough, an award. Then complete powerlessness. Catharsis.

And sometimes and not a catharsis, but fatigue which doesn't pass any more and brings with itself a number of unfamiliar symptoms and feelings. Sometimes full failure with fears, bewilderment, control loss, is more often — oppressive depression and feeling of emptiness. Whether there can be at the same time a state new and repeat already known syndrome? Features of fatigue of samples of the beginning of 1900th and 2000th can be studied in parallel

Nervousness and stress, failure and impasse, overstrain and burning out are similar as twins. They are even equally described by critics of culture. " People who live in the centers of a modern civilization — the large cities — look pale, dissatisfied, excited, uneasy" — the doctor in 1885 writes, and we can subscribe under each his word.

In both cases the fatigue is explained not by the physical tension, but mental loadings. The list of modern symptoms in many respects repeats that were known at the beginning of the 20th century. Main of them — depletion of energy because of need is permanent to conform to great demands placed on the person by intensively developing economy (and him!).

The person the most part of days is in a condition of internal concentration: cogitative activities, consumption of information, sports, communication, purchases and pleasures. Key concepts of professional culture are competence, charisma, talent and success. Not only office activities, but also personal, family and even sexual life are based on project model.

This project assumes, in particular, a cooperation with numerous experts — psychotherapists, trainers, advocates of a healthy lifestyle, drug manufacturers who, as well as the person, proceed in the activities from the thesis about vulnerability of the human person.

Mental burning out, thus, created new identity as in hundred years before new identity was born from an overstrain condition. These two types convincingly illustrate the fact that psychological classifications are an era product, arise and develop in interaction with a social environment. In both cases it is about the modern forms of melancholy brought to life by rapid change of public life and (if to use a concept from an arsenal of psychoanalysts) loss of communication with reality.

The social psychologist Johan Asplund notes that specifics of a phenomenon of burning out is his connection with social interaction, therefore, it is the process which isn't finished, and proceeding in time. According to Asplund, the condition of burning out isn't result of overstrain, doesn't depend on concrete work and isn't treated by rest or relaxation. It is localized in concrete social space and can be characterized as loss of feelings.

The reason — in a disadvantage of social interaction — " feeling such as if you are absent", and eventually the person really ceases to give life signs. It occurs not at once, not necessarily is followed by crisis or a nervous breakdown, and not always this state is preceded by especially hard work. Just emptiness increases. Burning out — not fatigue, but illness, alienation. Before us again the main subject of a melancholia.

 


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