Exercise 5.1.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones. 1 страница

1. This text briefly discusses some aspects of travelling.

2. Safety can be defined as ‘being safe’.

3. Safety is an aim of utmost importance in air travel.

4. Flying an aircraft doesn’t have its own dangers.

5. A person may find danger in playing football for excitement.

6. But before engaging in any activity; the wise person does nothing.

7. All problems of travelling are indeed very safe.

Exercise5.1.4 Translate the words and word combinations into your language and back into English. Memorize them.

Exercise 5.1.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

Exercise 5.1.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 5.1.5.

1. There is no much _________ of injury if you obey the rules.

2. _________ may in turn be defined as free from _________.

3. Is there any _________ of fire?

4. His cruelty shows that he is less than _________.

5. News that caused great _________.

6. All _________ are on board.

7. Keep your passport in a _________ place.

8. _________ is the operation and production of aircraft.

9. She had _________ her life to help save mine.

10. There are a lot of accidents due to _________ factor.

11. The building at an airport where arriving and departing _________ are processed.

Exercise 5.1.7 Retell the text.

Section 5.2 The Industry

Exercise 5.2.1 Read and translate the text.

The aviation industry is co-operation of the aircraft manufacturers, airlines, training schools, Air Traffic Control and the Aviation Authority, since the industry must provide its passengers with the highest level of safety, each aspect of an operation is assessed in detail and an appropriate safety level determined.

This process starts long before the passenger ever sets foot on board the airliner. When the aircraft is being designed and built, standards for safety are determined and set. Each component and system is engineered and rigorously tested to ensure that those standards are met. When assembled, the aircraft is thoroughly tested to ensure that it performs as required throughout the flight envelope, and can be flown by an average pilot in all foreseen normal and abnormal circumstances.

Aircrew (pilots, engineers and cabin staff) are licensed and thoroughly trained in normal and emergency procedures. Their performance is regularly tested to standards set by the regulatory Authorities. Maintenance engineers and technicians are highly trained and licensed or certificated. Detailed maintenance schedules and procedures are designed and careful records kept to ensure safety.

Other key airline personnel, whose functions have a direct bearing on the safe operation of flights, are also carefully trained and certificated.

Air Traffic Control, which is charged with responsibility for ensuring a safe environment which civil aviation may be operated, is similarly staffed by dedicated, professional licensed personnel. They ensure the orderly flow of air traffic to the highest standard of safety. This is achieved by using sophisticated computerised radar and communications together with highly developed procedures.

The result of all this effort, dedication and expense is that travel by air has become one of the safest activities in which a person may engage. Flying can be shown statistically to be the safest form of travel ever devised. Nevertheless, failures, whether mechanical, systematic or human still occur. Tragic accidents happen. The ideal for which the industry must strive is one in which no accidents of fatalities occur.

Accident analysis

Statistical sampling and analysis is used to evaluate the level of safety in aviation. Data is collected and evaluated over a period of time. Information on airline accidents, airline fatalities and primary cause factors are assembled and published each year and analysed to determine the safety level achieved. By comparing each year’s results with those of previous years, a trend can be determined. It should be remembered that such statistics lag behind current activities due to the period of time over which the data is collected.

Airline accidents

If the trend is reducing then the industry is getting safer. On the other hand if the trend rises (as above) it is becoming less safe. The safety margin is being eroded.

Fatalities

It can be seen that the number of fatalities varies considerably from year to year but that the trend is rising. The fatality trend reflects the rising accident trend.

Exercise 5.2.2 Answer the questions.

1. What is the aviation industry?

2. What must the industry provide?

3. When are the standards for safety determined?

4. Why is each component and system engineered and rigorously tested?

5. Why is the aircraft thoroughly tested?

6. How are aircrew licensed and trained?

7. What is air traffic control charged with?

8. What do licensed personnel ensure?

9. How is this achieved?

10. What is the result of all this effect, dedication and expense?

11. How is statistical sampling and analysis used?

12. Look at the tables. What conclusion can you make concerning the accidents and fatalities?

Exercise 5.2.3 Translate the words and word combinations into your language and back into English. Memorize them.

Exercise 5.2.4 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

Exercise 5.2.5 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 5.2.4.

1. The number of _________ varies considerable from year to year.

2. The sole responsibility for the _________ is on the _________ _________.

3. Pilots, engineers and cabin staff are _________, and thoroughly trained in normal and _________ _________.

4. By comparing each year’s results with those of _________ _________, a trend can be determined.

5. Detailed _________ _________ and _________ are designed and careful records kept to ensure safety.

6. Tragic _________ happen.

7. Analysing air accidents we should pay attention to _________ ________.

8. The performance is regularly tested to standards set by the _________ ________.

9. _________ is an occurrence in which the safety of the aircraft which is put at risk.

10. _________ operates airlines and airports in each state.

11. A pilot license is issued by the national ________ ________on behalf of the state.

Exercise 5.2.6 Retell the text.

Section 5.3 Primary cause factors

Exercise 5.3.1 Read and translate the text.

In the past the focus of accident investigation and safety management was on what caused the latest accident or incident, who was to blame and what the punishment should be. However, this is now recognised as the wrong approach. Modern safety management recognises that most accidents are the result of a chain of events.

Accidents are fully investigated to establish not only primary factors but all causal factors and these are also analysed to discern trends. It is from data such as this that ICAO and the Aviation Authorities make decisions to introduce new procedures and increase monitoring of the aviation industry.

In any system, no matter how well planned and supervised, accidents or failures can and will happen.

As jet operations increase, and aircraft become larger, activity increases and more passengers travel.

It must be anticipated, therefore, the accidents and fatalities will increase proportionately and, unless effective corrective action is taken throughout the industry quickly become unacceptable. In the event of an unacceptable trend emerging it will be reviewed by the national aviation authorities and ICAO to see if an underlying cause can be identified. If so, new guidelines are then published. The challenge is, of course, to reduce the rising trend as far as possible.

Safety does not just happen! It must be managed and directed to ensure that good practices are reinforced, unsafe practices are changed and less desirable practices are modified. As in the aviation industry each airline must have a system to monitor activities, collect and evaluate data and publish it in a timely and informative fashion. In general, this is performed by an Air Safety Office in the operational area and a Quality Assurance Office in the maintenance area. While the pilot is the operator of the aircraft, maintenance personnel repair and maintain it. There should, therefore, be close liaison between both offices.

Exercise 5.3.2 Answer the questions.

1. What was on in the past?

2. What does modern safety management recognize?

3. How are accidents investigated?

4. What decision do ICAO and the Aviation authorities make?

5. Why must safety be managed and directed?

6. Why must each airline have a system?

7. What is this performed by?

8. What do maintenance personnel repair and maintain?

9. What will increase proportionately if aviation industry begins to grow?

Exercise 5.3.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.

1. Modern safety agreement recognizes that the most accidents are the result of a chain of events.

2. This is now recognized as the missed approach.

3. Accidents are partly investigated to establish only primary factors.

4. All causal factors are also analysed to discern tendency.

5. As jet operations decrease, aircraft become smaller, activity decreases and fewer passengers travel.

6. It will be reviewed by aviation administration.

7. The challenge is to reduce the rising trend as far as impossible.

8. Safety happens.

9. This is performed by an Air Safety Office.

10. While the pilot is the operator of the aircraft, maintenance personnel rebuild and reconstruct it.

11. Good practices are reinforced, safe practices are changed and more desirable practices are not modified.

Exercise 5.3.4 Translate the words and word combinations into your language and back into English. Memorize them.

Exercise 5.3.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

Exercise 5.3.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise5.3. 5.

1. Any ____ of a system which would adversely affect the aircraft’s ___.

2. The ___ and ______ will increase proportionately.

3. ICAO and the _____ ______ make decisions the introduce new procedures.

4. As ____ operations increase, aircraft become larger.

5. The Aviation Authority make decisions to increase ____ of the aviation industry.

6. ______ Ground on 118.7.

7. _____ stream is very dangerous for small aircraft.

8. It puts into position procedures and practices to avoid ______ and _____.

9. A serious mistake failure or omission made by pilot often reported as the sole or ____ _______ of an accident.

10. A pilot cannot fly an aircraft unless he holds a licence of the local ___ ____.

11. The turbine is a major component in a __ engine.

Section 5.4 The Airline

Exercise 5.4.1 Read and translate the text.

Accidents are major events in the life of an airline. Not alone is there the cost in passenger and crew lives but there is also a major affect on the financial health of the airline. Accidents frequently kill airlines, or can push them to the brink of insolvency. In some cases the Regulatory authorities may ground the airline for some time operational audits are conducted and corrections are made. In general the consequent lack of confidence by the travelling public affected both financial results and staff morale for a long time.

It is essential that each airline has a safety culture and that this culture should pervade from top management to the front line operational staff. In an airline there must be a shared objective of safety across all disciplines and departments. That objective is an accident and incident free operation. Unless that is primary organizational goal then management stand in danger of being impeached as happened in a recent accident in the UK.

Exercise 5.4.2 Answer the questions.

1. What are major events in the life of an airline?

2. Where can accidents push airlines to?

3. What may ground the airline?

4. In what cases may the Regulatory authorities do that?

5. What is essential?

6. What should this culture pervade?

Exercise 5.4.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.

1. Accidents are major events in the life of an air company.

2. It does not influence on the financial health of the airline.

3. Accidents do not kill airlines.

4. It is important that each airline has a safety culture.

5. This culture should embrace from the top management to the front line operational staff.

6. In the airlines there must be a shared objective of safety across all problems.

7. The goal is an accident and incident free operation.

8. Accident can push to the beginning of solvency.

Exercise 5.4.4 Translate the words and words combinations.

Exercise 5.4.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

Exercise 5.4.6 Complete the sentences with words in column A in exercise 5.4.5.

1. All aircraft at London airport were ____ by fog yesterday.

2. When will the new airline be ____?

3. The country was on the _______ of civil war.

4. Your _____ is what you are trying to achieve.

5. If you have ________, you feel sure about your abilities, qualities or ideas.

6. The child is too young to understand __.

7. The ‘Maine’ carried a _____ three hundred and forty.

8. Within EEC there is ___ movement of labour.

9. Accidents kill ____ very often.

10. It’s essential that each __ has a ___ __.

11. That ___ is an accident and incident __ operation.

12. The Regulatory Authority may __ the ___ while _ __ are conducted.

13. She was invited to join the _____ of the BBC.

Exercise 5.4.7 Retell the text.

Section 5.5 The Air Safety Office

Exercise 5.5.1 Read and translate the text.

As the focus of this course is operational only the function of an Air Safety Office is discussed. The Air Safety Office performs the critical role of overseeing the safety performance of the airline using safety and quality assurance programmes. It must be allocated sufficient resources to operate independently. This requires the allocation of funds, manpower, full access to all departments and a direct reporting line to the Chief Executive, Managing Director or equivalent. It has both proactive and reactive roles. Safety and Security

Proactive:

It produces safety training programs with specific training objectives. It puts into position throughout the airline procedures and practices to avoid accidents and incidents. It inspects airfields, equipment and aircraft producing recommendations and guidelines. It analyses, identifies and publishes trends which assist line managers to reduce accidents and incidents.

Reactive:

It provides a professional accident investigation team. It investigates internal incidents that have occurred and devises standards, procedures and practices to avoid a repetition. It assists government investigation of accidents and follows these up with appropriate safety recommendations.

Exercise 5.5.2 Answer the questions.

1. What does the Air Safety Office perform?

2. It must be allocated sufficient resources to operate independently, mustn’t it?

3. What does an Air Safety Office require?

4. Which roles does it have?

5. Why does it put into position throughout the airline procedures and practices?

6. What does it inspect?

7. What does it analyse, identify and publish? Why?

8. What does it provide?

9. Which incidents does it investigate?

10. What does it assist and follow?

11. What does it have to do to avoid a repetition?

Exercise 5.5.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.

1. The Air Safety Office plays the main role of searching the safety performance of airline.

2. This demands the allocation of funds, manpower.

3. It fulfills safety training programs.

4. It puts into position throughout the airline procedures and practices to avoid crashes.

5. It inspects airports, facilities and instructions.

6. It analyses, identifies and publishes new aviation tendencies.

7. It provides a professional search and rescue team.

8. It creates standards, procedures and practices in order to repeat.

9. The operational function of an Air Safety Office is discussed now.

10. It must be allocated resources to operate simultaneously.

Exercise 5.5.4 Translate the words and word combinations into your language.

Exercise 5.5.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.