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Glossary of IR terms
| A | |
| alliance system | Political, economic or military alignment of nations; promotes the common interests of members. |
| anarchy | In IR theory, the term implies not complete chaos but a lack of a central government that can enforce rules. |
| arms race | A reciprocal process in which two (or more) states build up military capabilities in response to each other. |
| B | |
 balance of power
| Nations aligning themselves to maintain peace and security; no one nation able to impose a major threat on others. |
| bipolar world
| World co-domination of two superpowers with opposing ideologies. |
| C | |
| civil war | A war between factions within a state trying to create, or prevent, a new government for the entire state or some territorial part of it. |
| conflict and cooperation | The types of actions that states take towards each other through time. |
| cooperation
| Supportive action of joining together for common interests. |
| cultural imperialism
| The spread and domination of a particular nation’s culture, values and beliefs throughout the world by way of trade, electronic communication, businesses and the media e.g. McDonalds, Disney, Wal-Mart. |
| D | |
| dehumanization | Stigmatization of enemies as sub-human or nonhuman, leading frequently to widespread massacres or, in the worst cases, destruction of entire populations. |
| deterrence | The threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action (especially attacking one’s own state or one’s allies). The term has a somewhat more specific meaning in the context of the nuclear balance between the superpowers during the Cold War. |
| domestic policy
| A government’s plan to deal with internal issues of the country. |
| E | |
| ethnic cleansing | Forced displacement of an ethnic group or groups from a particular territory, accompanied by massacres and other human rights violations; it has occurred after the breakup of multinational states, notably in the former Yugoslavia. |
| F | |
| foreign policy | A government’s plan to deal with international issues that impact it. |
| G | |
| genocide | The intentional and systematic attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part. It was confirmed as a crime under international law by the UN Genocide Convention (1948). |
| geopolitics | The use of geography as an element of power, and the ideas about it held by political leaders and scholars. |
| globalization
| The growing economic and cultural interdependence of nations |
| great powers | Generally, the half dozen or so most powerful states; the great-power club was exclusively European until the twentieth century. |
| guerrilla war | Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations. |
| I | |
| intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) | Organizations (such as the United Nations and its agencies) whose members are state governments. |
| international organizations (IO) | They include intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). |
| international relations
| Multilateral interaction between nation states; the relationships among the world’s state governments and the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the United Nations, multinational corporations, and individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, and domestic politics), and with geographic and historical influences. |
| international security | A sub-field of international relations (IR) that focuses on questions of war and peace. |
| international system
| Maintaining a beneficial and peaceful pattern of interaction among major global players; the set of relationships among the world’s states, structured by certain rules and patterns of interaction. |
| M | |
| major players/actors | Countries, organizations and institutions that have a great influence on world affairs. |
| multinational corporations
| Private companies that have operations and or divisions in many countries. |
| multipolar world
| When several major nations compete for power and influence. |
| N | |
| national interest | A country determining its involvement in the world affairs based on the outcome or benefits it receives. |
| national sovereignty
| A nation’s right to establish its own form of government and laws without external influence. |
| nation
| A group of people who share a common identity; language, history, culture etc. |
| nation-state
| Most powerful political unit in the world; having definite boundaries and organized institutions. |
| negotiation | The process of formal bargaining, usually with the parties talking back and forth across a table. |
| nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
| Non-profit international agencies having a particular common cause e.g. Doctors without borders, Greenpeace. |
| nonstate actors | Actors other than state governments that operate either below the level of the state (that is, within states) or across state borders. |
| R | |
| regional blocs | Specific areas of the world cooperating together for political, economic and social reasons e.g. EU, NAFTA, ASEAN |
| S | |
| secular (state) | A state created apart from religious establishments and in which there is a high degree of separation between religious and political organizations. |
| security dilemma | A situation in which states’ actions taken to assure their own security (such as deploying more military forces) are perceived as threats to the security of other states. |
| sovereignty | A state’s right, at least in principle, to do whatever it wants within its own territory; traditionally sovereignty is the most important international norm. |
| T | |
| transnational agencies | Organizations trying to promote global unity for peace and security. |
| U | |
| unipolarity | The existence of a particularly powerful state that is both able and willing to manage the international system |
| W | |
| war crimes | Violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as by mistreating prisoners of war or unnecessarily targeting civilians. |
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