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Law making process in the UK
1. Every British Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly by making acts of Parliament. As it can be a long process, Parliament sometimes passes a very general law leaving a minister to fill in the details. In this way it indirectly passes about 2000 additional rules and regulations. 2. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the house of Commons and the House of Lords. While a law is still going through Parliament it is called a Bill. There are two main types of bills – Public bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private bills which deal with local matters and individuals. 3. Public and Private bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way. New legislation in Britain usually starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three readings. The first reading is purely formal, to introduce a bill. The second reading is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in detail by one of the standing committees. 4. The bill is then returned to one of the houses for the report stage, when it can be amended. If passed after its first reading, it goes to the other house. Amendments made to a bill by the Lords must be considered by the Commons. If the House of Commons does not agree, the bill is altered and sent back to the Lords. In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses, the Commons prevail. 5. Finally, the bill goes to the monarch for the royal assent. After receiving the Royal assent the bill becomes an Act of Parliament. Nowadays the Royal assent is purely formal.
VII. Прочитайте 5 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: When does the bill become an Act of Parliament?
ВАРИАНТ 4. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Spoke – Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола to speak. 1. Roman Law is one of the greatest legal systems that has ever existed. 2. The district court will be hearing a case on extortion next week.
б) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Are classified – Present Indefinite Passive от стандартного глагола to classify.
1. The Bill of Rights is often violated in the judicial and law enforcement practice. 2. For parliamentary elections the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies of roughly equal population.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
(While)discussing – Participle I, обстоятельство. Dealing with – Participle I, определение.
(When) questioned – Participle II, обстоятельство. (Had) committed - Participle II, составная часть видовременной формы Past Perfect Active от глагола to commit. 1. Leading international non-governmental organizations involved in the fight for human rights are participating in this conference. 2. Unless properly prepared the investigatory experiment must not be conducted. 3. Amendments and alterations to the Criminal Executive Legislation adopted by June of 1992 had considerably changed penitentiary policy for the better.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in special sessions as occasion may require. 2. The prison should be governed by strictly determined rules respected by the administration. 3. An expert may be invited to participate in the conduct of an investigatory experiment.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них Gerund. Предложения переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции герундия.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. When the bill is introduced it receives its formal ''first reading'', after which it is printed and circulated to members of Parliament. 2. After serving their terms of imprisonment the inmates in our country are citizens with full rights. 3. Criminology is the field of crime studying in its various aspects.
V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The role public plays in fighting crime is very important. 2. The institution authorities should do all they can to reform juveniles.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 абзацы текста. Пояснения к тексту:
1. the County Court – суд присяжных 2. the Crown Court – уголовный суд присяжных. 3. ex officiis – по должности
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