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Prisons in European society
1. Prisons are traditionally supposed to protect society through retribution and deterrence, to reform prisoners into law-abiding citizens. Experienced and research results over the last 40 years however have described prisons as total institutions, implying many detrimental effects on the personal and social situation of prisoners and their families, thus reducing rather than enhancing their chances to lead law-abiding lives. 2. The dependency of prisoners in traditional, authoritarian prisons is also known to increase the risk for prisoners to be victimised by other prisoners or staff, to become unable to cope with freedom and responsibilities upon release, or to engage in deviant prisoners' subcultures, resistance to compensate for the loss of their social identity. 3. International standards, including Council of Europe conventions and resolutions, hence promote the use of imprisonment as a last resort, when other reactions to delinquency are no longer possible. Imprisonment remains the most important penal sanction in many European countries, and prison population have soared in some countries over the last ten or twenty years. 4. Countries with the highest level of prison population in Europe by 2000 are: Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, England, Wales. One can differentiate countries with low level of prison population: Slovenia, Iceland, Scandinavian countries.
VIII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What is the most important penal sanction in many European countries?
ВАРИАНТ 2. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Does not permit – Present Indefinite Active от глагола to permit. Have been tried – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to try.
Are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to. 1. Any Justice of the Peace who knows anything about the accused person or the case must be replaced. 2. The research has been made in Russia to provide intensive individual study of typical juvenile delinquents. 3. The ways of studying a crime in its various aspects are being improved. 4. Penology is concerned with punishment prescribed by law and is regarded as an aspect of criminology.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните слова it, that, one. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения этих слов.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. It is the Queen's duty to make appointments to all important state offices, including those of judges, officers in armed forces, diplomats. 2. By the Constitution the Government of the USA is composed of three coordinate branches: the executive one, the legislative one, and the judicial one. 3. The majority of serious crimes are those against property. 4. It is not easy to cross-examine all witnesses in a short period of time. 5. One should know his rights and duties.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. To create a free society in which protection of individual liberty is the main objective of government is the main aim of the Labour Party. 2. A Boston cobbler John Augustus was the first to exercise the practice of probation. 3. The voters within the constituency select one person to serve as a member of the House of Commons. 4. The General Assembly's power to discuss all matters or questions within the scope of the Charter gives it a central position in the organization.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The Supreme Court of the USA consists of 9 justices, one of them being appointed as the Chief Justice. 2. Elections in Great Britain being universal, any British citizen from the age of 18 elects a single member to the House of Commons.
V. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. In England if a person has a legal problem he will go and see a solicitor. 2. If we had no civil law corporeal relations would be regulated in some other ways. 3. If this man had not committed a crime he would not have been imprisoned.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Найдите и подчеркните в них инфинитивные обороты. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. Crime is considered to be an act which a society is willing to punish if it is done. 2. We want punishment to be certain that we only punish guilty, not the innocent.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста.
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